GCU BIO-322 Exam 1/ GENETICS 3000 FINAL EXAM
E ology
Cause of a disease or injury
E ologic Agents
Exogenous- from external environment
Endogenous- from within the body
Idiopathic
Cause Undetermined
Iatrogenic
Caused uninten onally
ex. treatment, diagnos c procedure or error
Pathogenesis
The underlying mechanisms responsible for the clinical manifesta ons of a disease
Clinical Manifesta ons
Signs and Symptoms associated with a disease
Related altera ons in diagnos c tests
Sign
Objec ve indica on of disease
Symptom
Subjec ve indica on of disease
Syndrome
Combina on of signs and symptoms
Acute disease
,Appears quickly
Chronic Disease
Enduring with las ng implica ons
Exacerba on
Increase in disease severity
Remission
Decrease in disease severity
Gene cs
Role of specific genes
familial inheritance of gene c varia ons
Genomics
Media on of physiologic func on by groups of genes
Nutri on
modifiable risk factor
High intake pf carbs and fat- diabetes
High intake of sodium- Cardiovascular disease
Epidemiology
study of how disease is distributed in popula ons and iden fica on of the factors influencing
the distribu on
Incidence
Number of new cases of a disease or condi on within a defined period and for a defined
popula on
Prevalence
Number of individuals of a defined popula on who already have a disease or condi on
Mortality
,Number of deaths in a given popula on
Morbidity
Departure from physiologic or psychologic well-being and encompasses disease, injury, and
disability
Hypoxemic Hypoxia
Oxygen is below normal due to environmental reasons or respiratory disease
Ischemic hypoxia
ssue is not receiving enough O2 because of decreased perfusion due to cardiac or vascular
disorder
Anemic Hypoxia
Oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to
-anemia
-carbon monoxide poisoning
Histoxic Hypoxia
Tissue unable to use O2 because it has been poisoned
Cyanide mechanism of ac on
blocks aerobic metabolism and energy produc on: cellular hypoxia
Hypoxia in cell injury
Power failure in cell
Reversible to a point
Brain survival me of no oxygen
less than 3 minutes
Kidney survival me without oxygen
15-20 minutes
Skeletal muscle survival without oxygen
60-90 minutes
internal enzymes can be measured in lab tests to determine what?
, To es mate the cellular damage
Hypoxia is the
decrease of oxygen to the cells
Dysoxia
Tissues cannot make full use of available oxygen
-decreased oxygen supply
-respiratory and cardiac disorders
-increased oxygen demand
-sepsis, physical agita on, seizures
Oxida ve stress
a condi on in which the produc on of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to
handle them and prevent damage
Free radical injury
damage to cells resul ng from reac ve oxygen species
-highly reac ve
-disrupts pathways
Reac on Oxygen Species (ROS)
Oxygen-containing molecules that include free radicals
-Produced by metabolic ac vity, ionizing radia on, supplemental O2, reperfusion
An oxidants
Inhibit ROS produc on or neutralize ROS
-enzymes, vitamins
Morphologic Changes
Size: atrophy and hypertrophy
Number: Hyperplasia
Form: Metaplasia, Dysplasia and autophagy
Hyperplasia
E ology
Cause of a disease or injury
E ologic Agents
Exogenous- from external environment
Endogenous- from within the body
Idiopathic
Cause Undetermined
Iatrogenic
Caused uninten onally
ex. treatment, diagnos c procedure or error
Pathogenesis
The underlying mechanisms responsible for the clinical manifesta ons of a disease
Clinical Manifesta ons
Signs and Symptoms associated with a disease
Related altera ons in diagnos c tests
Sign
Objec ve indica on of disease
Symptom
Subjec ve indica on of disease
Syndrome
Combina on of signs and symptoms
Acute disease
,Appears quickly
Chronic Disease
Enduring with las ng implica ons
Exacerba on
Increase in disease severity
Remission
Decrease in disease severity
Gene cs
Role of specific genes
familial inheritance of gene c varia ons
Genomics
Media on of physiologic func on by groups of genes
Nutri on
modifiable risk factor
High intake pf carbs and fat- diabetes
High intake of sodium- Cardiovascular disease
Epidemiology
study of how disease is distributed in popula ons and iden fica on of the factors influencing
the distribu on
Incidence
Number of new cases of a disease or condi on within a defined period and for a defined
popula on
Prevalence
Number of individuals of a defined popula on who already have a disease or condi on
Mortality
,Number of deaths in a given popula on
Morbidity
Departure from physiologic or psychologic well-being and encompasses disease, injury, and
disability
Hypoxemic Hypoxia
Oxygen is below normal due to environmental reasons or respiratory disease
Ischemic hypoxia
ssue is not receiving enough O2 because of decreased perfusion due to cardiac or vascular
disorder
Anemic Hypoxia
Oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced due to
-anemia
-carbon monoxide poisoning
Histoxic Hypoxia
Tissue unable to use O2 because it has been poisoned
Cyanide mechanism of ac on
blocks aerobic metabolism and energy produc on: cellular hypoxia
Hypoxia in cell injury
Power failure in cell
Reversible to a point
Brain survival me of no oxygen
less than 3 minutes
Kidney survival me without oxygen
15-20 minutes
Skeletal muscle survival without oxygen
60-90 minutes
internal enzymes can be measured in lab tests to determine what?
, To es mate the cellular damage
Hypoxia is the
decrease of oxygen to the cells
Dysoxia
Tissues cannot make full use of available oxygen
-decreased oxygen supply
-respiratory and cardiac disorders
-increased oxygen demand
-sepsis, physical agita on, seizures
Oxida ve stress
a condi on in which the produc on of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to
handle them and prevent damage
Free radical injury
damage to cells resul ng from reac ve oxygen species
-highly reac ve
-disrupts pathways
Reac on Oxygen Species (ROS)
Oxygen-containing molecules that include free radicals
-Produced by metabolic ac vity, ionizing radia on, supplemental O2, reperfusion
An oxidants
Inhibit ROS produc on or neutralize ROS
-enzymes, vitamins
Morphologic Changes
Size: atrophy and hypertrophy
Number: Hyperplasia
Form: Metaplasia, Dysplasia and autophagy
Hyperplasia
