CNUR 305 Ultimate Exam | Questions and
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Terms in this set (229)
,Sodium Range 135 -145 mmol/L
Responsible for water balance
Required for normal transmission of impulses
across muscle and nerve cells through sodium-
potassium pump mechanism
Role in maintaining acid-base balance
Changes in sodium levels alter water balance
Can increase acidity
Hypernatremia:
Water loss (dehydration)or sodium gain (hypertonic
saline administration, adrenal tumor causing
increased aldosterone)
Primary prevention is thirst
First indicator is urine output- damage, increased
urea and creatinine
Can lead to seizures or coma
Hypernatremia Treatment:
IV fluids (iso tonic)
Treat the underlying cause (DKA)
Hyponatremia:
Water excess (dilutional hyponatremia) or losses of
Na containing fluids (too much NS)
Usual issue is dilutional hyponatremia
Can lead to seizures and coma
Hyponatremia Treatment:
Fluid Restriction
If the risk is severe then hypertonic solutions are
used (3% Sodium Chloride
Intravascular- in pipes, pull more water in if too
much sodium= dehydration
Surgery- NS contributed to high levels of sodium,
resistance to push against
I/O, foleys
Too quick of an overcorrection can result in
seizures, coma, and death (etc.). Therefore, only
, extreme measures are corrected quickly if the risk
of seizures, coma, and death (etc.) are present.
Chloride Chloride :
Range 98 - 106 mmol/L
Helps maintain proper blood volume
Helps maintain blood pressure
Helps maintain fluid balance in and out of cells
Hyperchloremia:
Result of renal acidosis, respiratory alkalosis (due to
CO2 levels), high Na levels, severe diarrhea
Hyperchloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline or
correct Ph imbalance)
Hypochloremia:
Result of CHF, prolonged diarrhea and vomiting,
metabolic acidosis
Hypochloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline or
correct pH imbalance)
, Potassium Range 3.5 - 5 mmol/L**
Required for nerve function and muscle
contraction
Required for normal transmission of impulses
across muscle and nerve cells through sodium-
potassium pump mechanism
Role in maintaining acid-base balance
Hyperkalemia:
Common cause is renal failure.
Other massive cell destruction , rapid infusion of
aged blood, and in patients with severe infections,
medications (ACE and aldosterone) metabolic
acidosis
Cardiac conduction issues (peaked T waves,
leading to heart block through PR enlongation),
cramping legs
Hyperkalemia Treatment:
•Eliminating oral and parental potassium intake
•Increasing the elimination of potassium through
diuretics (Lasix), dialysis, Kayexalate (sodium
polystyrene sulphonate)-binds to potassium- poop
out
•Forcing potassium from ECF to ICF through IV
insulin or sodium bicarb to correct acidosis
•Calcium gluconate or chloride can treat the
membrane effects reversing the effects of cell
excitability (stabilize cardiac rhythms)- not first line
IV insulin works faster- temporarily move and buy
time, peak 30-1 hr of SQ- IV needs it faster- into
ICF- then give gluconate- chloride- lose arm, life
over limb, then diuretics
Do not want heart problems
Acidosis hurts the kidney
5.6-6.0 and symptomatic
Hypokalemia:
Answers | Verified Solutions | 2026 Edition | Pass
Guaranteed
Save
Terms in this set (229)
,Sodium Range 135 -145 mmol/L
Responsible for water balance
Required for normal transmission of impulses
across muscle and nerve cells through sodium-
potassium pump mechanism
Role in maintaining acid-base balance
Changes in sodium levels alter water balance
Can increase acidity
Hypernatremia:
Water loss (dehydration)or sodium gain (hypertonic
saline administration, adrenal tumor causing
increased aldosterone)
Primary prevention is thirst
First indicator is urine output- damage, increased
urea and creatinine
Can lead to seizures or coma
Hypernatremia Treatment:
IV fluids (iso tonic)
Treat the underlying cause (DKA)
Hyponatremia:
Water excess (dilutional hyponatremia) or losses of
Na containing fluids (too much NS)
Usual issue is dilutional hyponatremia
Can lead to seizures and coma
Hyponatremia Treatment:
Fluid Restriction
If the risk is severe then hypertonic solutions are
used (3% Sodium Chloride
Intravascular- in pipes, pull more water in if too
much sodium= dehydration
Surgery- NS contributed to high levels of sodium,
resistance to push against
I/O, foleys
Too quick of an overcorrection can result in
seizures, coma, and death (etc.). Therefore, only
, extreme measures are corrected quickly if the risk
of seizures, coma, and death (etc.) are present.
Chloride Chloride :
Range 98 - 106 mmol/L
Helps maintain proper blood volume
Helps maintain blood pressure
Helps maintain fluid balance in and out of cells
Hyperchloremia:
Result of renal acidosis, respiratory alkalosis (due to
CO2 levels), high Na levels, severe diarrhea
Hyperchloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline or
correct Ph imbalance)
Hypochloremia:
Result of CHF, prolonged diarrhea and vomiting,
metabolic acidosis
Hypochloremia treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (too much saline then
reduce or dehydration is treated with saline or
correct pH imbalance)
, Potassium Range 3.5 - 5 mmol/L**
Required for nerve function and muscle
contraction
Required for normal transmission of impulses
across muscle and nerve cells through sodium-
potassium pump mechanism
Role in maintaining acid-base balance
Hyperkalemia:
Common cause is renal failure.
Other massive cell destruction , rapid infusion of
aged blood, and in patients with severe infections,
medications (ACE and aldosterone) metabolic
acidosis
Cardiac conduction issues (peaked T waves,
leading to heart block through PR enlongation),
cramping legs
Hyperkalemia Treatment:
•Eliminating oral and parental potassium intake
•Increasing the elimination of potassium through
diuretics (Lasix), dialysis, Kayexalate (sodium
polystyrene sulphonate)-binds to potassium- poop
out
•Forcing potassium from ECF to ICF through IV
insulin or sodium bicarb to correct acidosis
•Calcium gluconate or chloride can treat the
membrane effects reversing the effects of cell
excitability (stabilize cardiac rhythms)- not first line
IV insulin works faster- temporarily move and buy
time, peak 30-1 hr of SQ- IV needs it faster- into
ICF- then give gluconate- chloride- lose arm, life
over limb, then diuretics
Do not want heart problems
Acidosis hurts the kidney
5.6-6.0 and symptomatic
Hypokalemia:
