BIOL 251 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
MODULE 3| REVISION QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS| UPDATED VERSION (2026
– 2027)
Which two systems are responsible for the regulation and coordination of bodily activities? -
ANSWER✔️Endocrine and nervous system.
Are the two systems in question 1 complementary? If so, how? - ANSWER✔️Yes they are; the
nervous system acts quickly on the body while the endocrine system acts slower on the body.
What are hormones? - ANSWER✔️chemical messengers
How are hormones transported? - ANSWER✔️through the bloodstream
What is C3b? - ANSWER✔️It is an opsonin that promotes recognition of a microbe by phagocyte
, Which of the following acts as opsonins? (Select all that apply) - ANSWER✔️Antibodies + C3b
+ lectins
Which cell type leaves circulation and enters damaged tissues during inflammation? -
ANSWER✔️Neutrophils
Toll-like receptors - ANSWER✔️Recognize unique bacterial molecules
Which of the following would be PAMPs? - ANSWER✔️LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin
PRRs are: - ANSWER✔️Receptors on host cells that bind PAMPs
Interferons are produced by - ANSWER✔️Virally infected cells
Chemical messengers secreted by immune cells for cell-to-cell communication: -
ANSWER✔️Cytokines
Which type of cells line the respiratory tract? - ANSWER✔️Ciliated epithelial cells
Which cytokine recruits leukocytes to sites of infection? - ANSWER✔️Chemokine
Antibodies are produced by which type of cell? - ANSWER✔️Plasma cells
In the adaptive response, cellular immunity is carried out by what type of cells? - ANSWER✔️T
cells
Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells? - ANSWER✔️MHC I
What is a superantigen? - ANSWER✔️An antigen that activates T cells in a nonspecific and
uncontrolled manner
What does the TCR (T cell receptor) on cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to? -
ANSWER✔️Antigens presented with MHC I molecules
Which subset of T helper cells is involved in antibody production? - ANSWER✔️T helper 2
Match the class of antibody with the correct characteristic. - ANSWER✔️IgA - Class of antibody
found in large amounts in mucous and other secretions
IgD- Class of antibody found on the surface of 'B' cells
IgE- Class of antibody involved in allergic reactions and immunity to parasitic infections
IgG- Class of antibody that is very abundant in circulation and can cross the placenta
MODULE 3| REVISION QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS| UPDATED VERSION (2026
– 2027)
Which two systems are responsible for the regulation and coordination of bodily activities? -
ANSWER✔️Endocrine and nervous system.
Are the two systems in question 1 complementary? If so, how? - ANSWER✔️Yes they are; the
nervous system acts quickly on the body while the endocrine system acts slower on the body.
What are hormones? - ANSWER✔️chemical messengers
How are hormones transported? - ANSWER✔️through the bloodstream
What is C3b? - ANSWER✔️It is an opsonin that promotes recognition of a microbe by phagocyte
, Which of the following acts as opsonins? (Select all that apply) - ANSWER✔️Antibodies + C3b
+ lectins
Which cell type leaves circulation and enters damaged tissues during inflammation? -
ANSWER✔️Neutrophils
Toll-like receptors - ANSWER✔️Recognize unique bacterial molecules
Which of the following would be PAMPs? - ANSWER✔️LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin
PRRs are: - ANSWER✔️Receptors on host cells that bind PAMPs
Interferons are produced by - ANSWER✔️Virally infected cells
Chemical messengers secreted by immune cells for cell-to-cell communication: -
ANSWER✔️Cytokines
Which type of cells line the respiratory tract? - ANSWER✔️Ciliated epithelial cells
Which cytokine recruits leukocytes to sites of infection? - ANSWER✔️Chemokine
Antibodies are produced by which type of cell? - ANSWER✔️Plasma cells
In the adaptive response, cellular immunity is carried out by what type of cells? - ANSWER✔️T
cells
Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells? - ANSWER✔️MHC I
What is a superantigen? - ANSWER✔️An antigen that activates T cells in a nonspecific and
uncontrolled manner
What does the TCR (T cell receptor) on cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to? -
ANSWER✔️Antigens presented with MHC I molecules
Which subset of T helper cells is involved in antibody production? - ANSWER✔️T helper 2
Match the class of antibody with the correct characteristic. - ANSWER✔️IgA - Class of antibody
found in large amounts in mucous and other secretions
IgD- Class of antibody found on the surface of 'B' cells
IgE- Class of antibody involved in allergic reactions and immunity to parasitic infections
IgG- Class of antibody that is very abundant in circulation and can cross the placenta
