NCERT NOTES
FOR GEOGRAPHY
10th Standard
,CONTENTS
Resources and Development ...................................................................................................... 1 - 9
Forest and Wildlife Resources ............................................................................................. 10 - 12
Water Resources ....................................................................................................................... 13 - 15
Aggriculture ................................................................................................................................. 16 - 23
Mierals and Energy Resources .............................................................................................. 24 - 35
Manufacturing Industries ........................................................................................................ 36 - 47
Lifelines of National Economy ............................................................................................... 48 - 55
, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
1
Resources are everything available in the environment which can be used to satisfy human needs provided,
it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable. Human beings interact with
nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.
Fig. 1.1: Interdependent Relationship between Nature, Technology and Institutions
Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves are essential components of
resources. They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them.
Classification of Resources:
· On the basis of Origin – biotic and abiotic.
· On the basis of Exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable.
· On the basis of Ownership – individual, community, national and international.
· On the basis of Status of Development – potential, developed stock and reserves.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Fig. 1.2: Classification of Resources
1
, Types of Resources
On the basis of Origin:
· Biotic Resources: These resources are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings,
flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
· Abiotic resources: These are things which are composed of non-living things such as rocks and
metals.
On the basis of Exhaustibility:
· Renewable (or Replenishable) Resources: These are resources which can be renewed or reproduced
by physical, chemical or mechanical processes. For example – solar, wind energy, water, etc. They may
further be divided into continuous or flow.
· Non-Renewable Resources: These occur over a very long geological time. For example – Minerals,
fossil fuels etc. Some of them like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled.
On the basis of Ownership:
· Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individual. Such as Plantation, pasture lands,
ponds, water in wells etc.
· Community Owned Resources: These are resources that are accessible to all the members of the
community. For example - Village commons (grazing grounds, village ponds etc.).
· National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. All the minerals, water
resources, forests, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2
km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.
· International Resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic
Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of
international institutions. (ISBA, UNCLOS).
On the basis of the Status of Development:
· Potential Resources: These are those resources which are found in a region but they have not been
utilised. For example - The Western parts of India have not developed the wind and solar energy
properly despite having enormous potential.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
· Developed Resources: These are resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have
been determined for utilisation. Their development depends on technology and level of their
feasibility.
· Stock: They are the materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but
human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these. For example, Human beings do
not the advanced technology to utilize hydrogen from water as a source of energy.
Ø Reserves: They are the subset of the stock which can be put into use with the help of existing
technical 'know-how' but their use has not been started. For example, River water can be used for
generating hydroelectric power but it is being utilised only to a limited extent.
2
FOR GEOGRAPHY
10th Standard
,CONTENTS
Resources and Development ...................................................................................................... 1 - 9
Forest and Wildlife Resources ............................................................................................. 10 - 12
Water Resources ....................................................................................................................... 13 - 15
Aggriculture ................................................................................................................................. 16 - 23
Mierals and Energy Resources .............................................................................................. 24 - 35
Manufacturing Industries ........................................................................................................ 36 - 47
Lifelines of National Economy ............................................................................................... 48 - 55
, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
1
Resources are everything available in the environment which can be used to satisfy human needs provided,
it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable. Human beings interact with
nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.
Fig. 1.1: Interdependent Relationship between Nature, Technology and Institutions
Resources are a function of human activities. Human beings themselves are essential components of
resources. They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them.
Classification of Resources:
· On the basis of Origin – biotic and abiotic.
· On the basis of Exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable.
· On the basis of Ownership – individual, community, national and international.
· On the basis of Status of Development – potential, developed stock and reserves.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Fig. 1.2: Classification of Resources
1
, Types of Resources
On the basis of Origin:
· Biotic Resources: These resources are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings,
flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
· Abiotic resources: These are things which are composed of non-living things such as rocks and
metals.
On the basis of Exhaustibility:
· Renewable (or Replenishable) Resources: These are resources which can be renewed or reproduced
by physical, chemical or mechanical processes. For example – solar, wind energy, water, etc. They may
further be divided into continuous or flow.
· Non-Renewable Resources: These occur over a very long geological time. For example – Minerals,
fossil fuels etc. Some of them like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled.
On the basis of Ownership:
· Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individual. Such as Plantation, pasture lands,
ponds, water in wells etc.
· Community Owned Resources: These are resources that are accessible to all the members of the
community. For example - Village commons (grazing grounds, village ponds etc.).
· National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. All the minerals, water
resources, forests, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2
km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.
· International Resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic
Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of
international institutions. (ISBA, UNCLOS).
On the basis of the Status of Development:
· Potential Resources: These are those resources which are found in a region but they have not been
utilised. For example - The Western parts of India have not developed the wind and solar energy
properly despite having enormous potential.
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
· Developed Resources: These are resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have
been determined for utilisation. Their development depends on technology and level of their
feasibility.
· Stock: They are the materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but
human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these. For example, Human beings do
not the advanced technology to utilize hydrogen from water as a source of energy.
Ø Reserves: They are the subset of the stock which can be put into use with the help of existing
technical 'know-how' but their use has not been started. For example, River water can be used for
generating hydroelectric power but it is being utilised only to a limited extent.
2
