,Geneva College NURS 231 Module 4 (pdf) | 2026/2027 | Portage Q&A
| Pathophysiology
1. The three main stages of hemostasis are:
A) Coagulation, platelet adhesion, and fibrinolysis
B) Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation
C) Vasodilation, platelet aggregation, and clot retraction
D) Intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway, and common pathway
Correct Answer: Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood
coagulation
Rationale: Hemostasis, the process to stop bleeding, occurs in three primary
stages: vascular constriction (immediate vasospasm), formation of a platelet
plug (primary hemostasis), and blood coagulation (secondary hemostasis
involving the clotting cascade). Once the vessel is repaired, fibrinolysis
occurs to break down the clot.
2. What is vitamin K required by the liver to synthesize?
A) Platelets and von Willebrand factor
B) Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, prothrombin, and protein C
C) Fibrinogen and thrombin
D) Plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Correct Answer: Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, prothrombin, and protein C
Rationale: Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is an essential cofactor for
the hepatic synthesis of clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, X, as well as
proteins C and S. Newborns are often given vitamin K prophylactically to
prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
,3. Which of the following increases the chance of clotting (i.e., creates a
hypercoagulable state)?
A) Vitamin K deficiency
B) Thrombocytopenia
C) Protein C deficiency
D) Hemophilia A
Correct Answer: Protein C deficiency
Rationale: Protein C is a natural anticoagulant that inactivates factors Va and
VIIIa. A deficiency in Protein C removes this inhibition, leading to an
increased risk of thrombosis. Vitamin K deficiency (A) and hemophilia (D)
cause bleeding disorders.
4. Which of the following is a natural anticoagulant synthesized in the liver?
A) Thromboxane A2
B) Antithrombin III
C) Von Willebrand factor
D) Factor XIII
Correct Answer: Antithrombin III
Rationale: Antithrombin III is a plasma protein that inactivates thrombin and
other activated clotting factors, acting as a natural anticoagulant.
Deficiencies in antithrombin III, protein C, or protein S lead to
hypercoagulable states.
5. Anticoagulant drug therapies include which of the following?
A) Platelet transfusions
, B) Aminocaproic acid
C) Warfarin and Heparin
D) Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Correct Answer: Warfarin and Heparin
Rationale: Heparin and warfarin (Coumadin) are classic anticoagulant
medications that disrupt the coagulation cascade. Warfarin is a vitamin K
antagonist, while heparin activates antithrombin III.
6. Which of the following blood flow parameters would be decreased in
anemia?
A) Radius
B) Vessel compliance
C) Blood viscosity
D) Wall tension
Correct Answer: Blood viscosity
Rationale: Viscosity refers to the thickness of blood. Anemia is characterized
by a low red blood cell count or hemoglobin, which reduces the hematocrit
and thus reduces blood viscosity. Lower viscosity can actually increase blood
flow by reducing resistance.
7. Which of the following is a function of blood?
A) Conducting nerve impulses
B) Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
C) Synthesizing vitamin K
D) Regulating body temperature via vasoconstriction only
| Pathophysiology
1. The three main stages of hemostasis are:
A) Coagulation, platelet adhesion, and fibrinolysis
B) Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation
C) Vasodilation, platelet aggregation, and clot retraction
D) Intrinsic pathway, extrinsic pathway, and common pathway
Correct Answer: Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood
coagulation
Rationale: Hemostasis, the process to stop bleeding, occurs in three primary
stages: vascular constriction (immediate vasospasm), formation of a platelet
plug (primary hemostasis), and blood coagulation (secondary hemostasis
involving the clotting cascade). Once the vessel is repaired, fibrinolysis
occurs to break down the clot.
2. What is vitamin K required by the liver to synthesize?
A) Platelets and von Willebrand factor
B) Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, prothrombin, and protein C
C) Fibrinogen and thrombin
D) Plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Correct Answer: Clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, prothrombin, and protein C
Rationale: Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is an essential cofactor for
the hepatic synthesis of clotting factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, X, as well as
proteins C and S. Newborns are often given vitamin K prophylactically to
prevent hemorrhagic disease of the newborn.
,3. Which of the following increases the chance of clotting (i.e., creates a
hypercoagulable state)?
A) Vitamin K deficiency
B) Thrombocytopenia
C) Protein C deficiency
D) Hemophilia A
Correct Answer: Protein C deficiency
Rationale: Protein C is a natural anticoagulant that inactivates factors Va and
VIIIa. A deficiency in Protein C removes this inhibition, leading to an
increased risk of thrombosis. Vitamin K deficiency (A) and hemophilia (D)
cause bleeding disorders.
4. Which of the following is a natural anticoagulant synthesized in the liver?
A) Thromboxane A2
B) Antithrombin III
C) Von Willebrand factor
D) Factor XIII
Correct Answer: Antithrombin III
Rationale: Antithrombin III is a plasma protein that inactivates thrombin and
other activated clotting factors, acting as a natural anticoagulant.
Deficiencies in antithrombin III, protein C, or protein S lead to
hypercoagulable states.
5. Anticoagulant drug therapies include which of the following?
A) Platelet transfusions
, B) Aminocaproic acid
C) Warfarin and Heparin
D) Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Correct Answer: Warfarin and Heparin
Rationale: Heparin and warfarin (Coumadin) are classic anticoagulant
medications that disrupt the coagulation cascade. Warfarin is a vitamin K
antagonist, while heparin activates antithrombin III.
6. Which of the following blood flow parameters would be decreased in
anemia?
A) Radius
B) Vessel compliance
C) Blood viscosity
D) Wall tension
Correct Answer: Blood viscosity
Rationale: Viscosity refers to the thickness of blood. Anemia is characterized
by a low red blood cell count or hemoglobin, which reduces the hematocrit
and thus reduces blood viscosity. Lower viscosity can actually increase blood
flow by reducing resistance.
7. Which of the following is a function of blood?
A) Conducting nerve impulses
B) Transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products
C) Synthesizing vitamin K
D) Regulating body temperature via vasoconstriction only
