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Lecture Notes Academic Research | RUG | 2025/26

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Lecture notes from Academic Research course at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen covering weeks 1-2 on research integrity and methodology. Topics include the authorship paradox, plagiarism definitions and prevention strategies, the epistemic/ethical/demographic arguments for citation, common student writing errors, the Aristotelian model of research questions, and hypothesis formulation with testability criteria. Essential resource for understanding research ethics, designing answerable research questions, and avoiding plagiarism in academic work.

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Academic research
Week 1:
Lecture 1 - Intro + Library Workshop
The Authorship Paradox


Plagiarism became a problem in 18th century romanticism
medieval time → originality as something bad


cross cultural perspective
→ imitating masters is mastery itself (china)


direct quotations with attribution
→ when does heavy quotation became lack of original analysis?
→ he whats it to be your words, so as less quotes as possible


paraphrase
→ the thesaurus syndrome: surface level word substitution

the economy grew → the fiscal situation grew
This is plagiarism! nothing is added, you’re


conceptual genealogy


self-plagiarism: copying your own earlier submitted work


scientific data trough library catalogues and databases
Review article: Overview of current state of research in a particular field



Academic research 1

, Gostwriting
Contract cheating
GenAI


the commodification of academic labour
different from historical patron-stribe relations


OR = synonyms (broaden) → results that contain one of the terms
AND = different concepts (narrow) → results that contain both


Lecture 2 - Research Questions and Hypothese
The epistemic argument:
there must be accountability → in order to be held accountable we need to
know who said what
knowledge builds cumulatively → attribution is the infrastructure → taking
ideas and start to challenge, refute and adres them
it’s a intellectual cartography → it’s how it works
uncited sources make arguments impossible to verify, extend or refute


The ethical argument
not so much about stealing ones ideas → who ones knowledge?
it is about recognizing other people
early career scholars depend on citations → if a lot of people cite it it starts
to become a important paper → gives you credit that you wrote this
important paper
Marginalized scholars (not the same academic privileges) already face
citation erasure → so not giving them credit compounds injustice




Academic research 2

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