NSG 5140 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ |
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | 100% GUARANTEED PASS
(VERIFIED)
1. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in
hypoxic conditions?
A. DNA mutation
B. ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
C. Free radical formation
D. Protein misfolding
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia limits oxidative phosphorylation → decreased ATP →
Na⁺/K⁺ pump failure → cell swelling and injury.
2. A patient presents with edema due to heart failure. Which mechanism is
primarily responsible?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
C. Decreased capillary permeability
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into interstitial spaces,
causing edema in CHF.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with Addison’s
disease?
A. Hypernatremia, hypokalemia
,B. Hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia
C. Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
D. Hypokalemia, hypernatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes aldosterone deficiency → Na⁺ loss
(hyponatremia) and K⁺ retention (hyperkalemia).
6. In a patient with chronic liver disease, which lab value best reflects
impaired synthetic function?
A. AST
B. ALT
C. Albumin
D. Bilirubin
Answer: C
Rationale: Albumin production is reduced in liver dysfunction; low albumin
indicates impaired synthetic capacity.
7. Which type of shock is caused by severe allergic reactions?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Distributive (anaphylactic)
D. Obstructive
Answer: C
Rationale: Anaphylaxis causes vasodilation and capillary leak → distributive
shock.
8. A patient with type 1 diabetes presents with hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and
acidosis. This is indicative of:
,A. HHNS
B. DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: DKA occurs in insulin deficiency → hyperglycemia, lipolysis, ketone
production, and metabolic acidosis.
5. Which intracellular signaling pathway is most directly involved in
apoptosis?
A. MAPK
B. Caspase cascade
C. JAK/STAT
D. PI3K/Akt
Answer: B
Rationale: Caspases mediate programmed cell death by cleaving cellular
substrates.
4. The hallmark of acute inflammation is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C. Neoplasia
D. Autoantibody formation
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation triggers redness, heat, swelling, and pain through
vascular changes.
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EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | GRADED A+ |
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | 100% GUARANTEED PASS
(VERIFIED)
1. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in
hypoxic conditions?
A. DNA mutation
B. ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
C. Free radical formation
D. Protein misfolding
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia limits oxidative phosphorylation → decreased ATP →
Na⁺/K⁺ pump failure → cell swelling and injury.
2. A patient presents with edema due to heart failure. Which mechanism is
primarily responsible?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
C. Decreased capillary permeability
D. Lymphatic obstruction
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevated hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into interstitial spaces,
causing edema in CHF.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with Addison’s
disease?
A. Hypernatremia, hypokalemia
,B. Hypercalcemia, hypermagnesemia
C. Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
D. Hypokalemia, hypernatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Addison’s disease causes aldosterone deficiency → Na⁺ loss
(hyponatremia) and K⁺ retention (hyperkalemia).
6. In a patient with chronic liver disease, which lab value best reflects
impaired synthetic function?
A. AST
B. ALT
C. Albumin
D. Bilirubin
Answer: C
Rationale: Albumin production is reduced in liver dysfunction; low albumin
indicates impaired synthetic capacity.
7. Which type of shock is caused by severe allergic reactions?
A. Cardiogenic
B. Hypovolemic
C. Distributive (anaphylactic)
D. Obstructive
Answer: C
Rationale: Anaphylaxis causes vasodilation and capillary leak → distributive
shock.
8. A patient with type 1 diabetes presents with hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and
acidosis. This is indicative of:
,A. HHNS
B. DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)
C. Hypoglycemia
D. Metabolic alkalosis
Answer: B
Rationale: DKA occurs in insulin deficiency → hyperglycemia, lipolysis, ketone
production, and metabolic acidosis.
5. Which intracellular signaling pathway is most directly involved in
apoptosis?
A. MAPK
B. Caspase cascade
C. JAK/STAT
D. PI3K/Akt
Answer: B
Rationale: Caspases mediate programmed cell death by cleaving cellular
substrates.
4. The hallmark of acute inflammation is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C. Neoplasia
D. Autoantibody formation
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute inflammation triggers redness, heat, swelling, and pain through
vascular changes.
, Thank you for Purchasing this
exam Study Guide. We provide
high-quality academic
materials to help students
excel in exams. Our other
Services include but not
limited to: academic research,
University & College
assignments writing, essay
writing, Online Classes, and
research projects. Our services
are reliable, affordable, and
plagiarism-free. All the Best in
your Exam. For more
