NSG 533 Exam 3 Exam study guide COMPLETE EXAM Questions and Answers (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - (ANSWER)- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - (ANSWER)- do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - (ANSWER)- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - (ANSWER)black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - (ANSWER)1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - (ANSWER)SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - (ANSWER)contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - (ANSWER)relaxation (HFpEF)
,NSG 533 Exam 3 Exam study guide COMPLETE EXAM Questions and Answers (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
two organizations for classification of HF - (ANSWER)1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on
structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - (ANSWER)cardiac dysfunction has structural
abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - (ANSWER)1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes
as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - (ANSWER)1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - (ANSWER)- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - (ANSWER)20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - (ANSWER)- increases sodium and water reabsorption
, NSG 533 Exam 3 Exam study guide COMPLETE EXAM Questions and Answers (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - (ANSWER)- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? - (ANSWER)1. beta
blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
what hormones worsen HF - (ANSWER)- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
hormones that are good for HF - (ANSWER)- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
types of ventricular remodeling - (ANSWER)- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF, too stiff,
HFpEF)
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - (ANSWER)- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - (ANSWER)- do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - (ANSWER)- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - (ANSWER)black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - (ANSWER)1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - (ANSWER)SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - (ANSWER)contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - (ANSWER)relaxation (HFpEF)
,NSG 533 Exam 3 Exam study guide COMPLETE EXAM Questions and Answers (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
two organizations for classification of HF - (ANSWER)1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on
structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - (ANSWER)cardiac dysfunction has structural
abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - (ANSWER)1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes
as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - (ANSWER)1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - (ANSWER)- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - (ANSWER)20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - (ANSWER)- increases sodium and water reabsorption
, NSG 533 Exam 3 Exam study guide COMPLETE EXAM Questions and Answers (Verified
Answers) (Latest Update 2026) UPDATE!!
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - (ANSWER)- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? - (ANSWER)1. beta
blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
what hormones worsen HF - (ANSWER)- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
hormones that are good for HF - (ANSWER)- natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP)
- adrenmedullin
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
types of ventricular remodeling - (ANSWER)- concentric (thickened heart wall, diastolic HF, too stiff,
HFpEF)
