NR 507 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - CORRECT ANSWER--airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER-smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER-the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER-embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER-white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
,How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - CORRECT
ANSWER-the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT ANSWER-
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT ANSWER-
smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - CORRECT ANSWER-control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - CORRECT ANSWER-When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse
around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - CORRECT ANSWER--expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-tiotropium
and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER-These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
, Perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from
the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-there is hypoxia
due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - CORRECT ANSWER-when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER--long term exposure to environmental
irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER--Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - CORRECT ANSWER-tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - CORRECT
ANSWER-- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER-causes
increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - CORRECT
ANSWER-promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER-squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - CORRECT ANSWER-
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
ANSWERS
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - CORRECT ANSWER--airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER-smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - CORRECT ANSWER-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER-the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER-embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - CORRECT ANSWER-white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
,How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - CORRECT
ANSWER-the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT ANSWER-
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - CORRECT ANSWER-
smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - CORRECT ANSWER-control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - CORRECT ANSWER-When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse
around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - CORRECT ANSWER--expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-tiotropium
and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER-These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
, Perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from
the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER-there is hypoxia
due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - CORRECT ANSWER-when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER--long term exposure to environmental
irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER--Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - CORRECT ANSWER-tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - CORRECT
ANSWER-- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - CORRECT ANSWER-causes
increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - CORRECT
ANSWER-promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWER-squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - CORRECT ANSWER-
increases inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
