PHIL 447N Week 7 Quiz Questions With
Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Plus
Rationales 2026 Q&A | Instant
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1. A graduate ethics committee is evaluating whether a patient with advanced
dementia can provide valid informed consent for participation in a non-
therapeutic research study. The patient intermittently recognizes family
members but cannot consistently explain the study. What is the most
appropriate ethical determination regarding consent validity? ✔ Answer:
The patient lacks capacity for informed consent
✔ Correct Answer: The patient lacks capacity for informed consent
*Rationale: Informed consent requires consistent decision-making capacity,
including understanding, reasoning, and appreciation of consequences,
which is impaired in advanced dementia.
2. A philosopher argues that moral truths exist independently of human
opinion and are universally binding. Which ethical theory is being
described? ✔ Answer: Moral realism
✔ Correct Answer: Moral realism
*Rationale: Moral realism asserts that objective moral facts exist
independent of human beliefs.
3. A hospital policy permits withdrawing life support when treatment is
deemed medically futile. A family disagrees, insisting on continuation. What
, ethical principle is primarily in conflict? ✔ Answer: Autonomy versus
beneficence
✔ Correct Answer: Autonomy versus beneficence
*Rationale: This conflict involves patient/family autonomy versus clinical
beneficence and nonmaleficence.
4. A student claims that truth is always relative to cultural context. Which
philosophical position does this represent? ✔ Answer: Relativism
✔ Correct Answer: Relativism
*Rationale: Relativism holds that truth and morality depend on cultural
frameworks.
5. In a research study, participants are misled about the true purpose but are
debriefed afterward. Which ethical safeguard is most directly addressed? ✔
Answer: Informed consent integrity through debriefing
✔ Correct Answer: Informed consent integrity through debriefing
*Rationale: Debriefing restores ethical transparency after deception.
6. A clinician prioritizes doing no harm when selecting a treatment plan.
Which principle is being applied? ✔ Answer: Nonmaleficence
✔ Correct Answer: Nonmaleficence
*Rationale: Nonmaleficence emphasizes avoiding harm to patients.
7. A researcher observes participants in a public setting without intervention
or identification. Which ethical concern is most relevant? ✔ Answer:
Privacy in public observation
✔ Correct Answer: Privacy in public observation
*Rationale: Even in public spaces, expectations of privacy and ethical
observation standards apply.
8. A theory claims that moral actions are those that maximize overall
happiness. Which ethical framework is this? ✔ Answer: Utilitarianism
✔ Correct Answer: Utilitarianism
, *Rationale: Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall well-being or
utility.
9. A healthcare proxy makes decisions for a patient who is incapacitated. What
ethical concept is being enacted? ✔ Answer: Surrogate decision-making
✔ Correct Answer: Surrogate decision-making
*Rationale: A designated proxy ensures continuity of autonomous decision
representation.
10.A philosopher argues that knowledge is only justified true belief plus an
additional condition to avoid luck. What problem is being addressed? ✔
Answer: Gettier problem
✔ Correct Answer: Gettier problem
*Rationale: The Gettier problem challenges the adequacy of justified true
belief as knowledge.
11.A hospital refuses treatment due to resource scarcity during a crisis. Which
ethical principle is primarily applied? ✔ Answer: Justice
✔ Correct Answer: Justice
*Rationale: Justice concerns fair distribution of limited resources.
12.A patient refuses a life-saving transfusion for religious reasons. Which
principle is most directly respected? ✔ Answer: Autonomy
✔ Correct Answer: Autonomy
*Rationale: Autonomy respects individual choice even against medical
advice.
13.A researcher selects participants only from easily accessible groups rather
than representative populations. What bias is introduced? ✔ Answer:
Selection bias
✔ Correct Answer: Selection bias
*Rationale: Convenience sampling leads to non-representative data.
14.A moral theory states that actions are right if they follow duty regardless of
consequences. Which theory is this? ✔ Answer: Deontology
Correct Answers (Verified Answers) Plus
Rationales 2026 Q&A | Instant
Download Pdf A+ Grade Guarantee
Verified By Professionals
1. A graduate ethics committee is evaluating whether a patient with advanced
dementia can provide valid informed consent for participation in a non-
therapeutic research study. The patient intermittently recognizes family
members but cannot consistently explain the study. What is the most
appropriate ethical determination regarding consent validity? ✔ Answer:
The patient lacks capacity for informed consent
✔ Correct Answer: The patient lacks capacity for informed consent
*Rationale: Informed consent requires consistent decision-making capacity,
including understanding, reasoning, and appreciation of consequences,
which is impaired in advanced dementia.
2. A philosopher argues that moral truths exist independently of human
opinion and are universally binding. Which ethical theory is being
described? ✔ Answer: Moral realism
✔ Correct Answer: Moral realism
*Rationale: Moral realism asserts that objective moral facts exist
independent of human beliefs.
3. A hospital policy permits withdrawing life support when treatment is
deemed medically futile. A family disagrees, insisting on continuation. What
, ethical principle is primarily in conflict? ✔ Answer: Autonomy versus
beneficence
✔ Correct Answer: Autonomy versus beneficence
*Rationale: This conflict involves patient/family autonomy versus clinical
beneficence and nonmaleficence.
4. A student claims that truth is always relative to cultural context. Which
philosophical position does this represent? ✔ Answer: Relativism
✔ Correct Answer: Relativism
*Rationale: Relativism holds that truth and morality depend on cultural
frameworks.
5. In a research study, participants are misled about the true purpose but are
debriefed afterward. Which ethical safeguard is most directly addressed? ✔
Answer: Informed consent integrity through debriefing
✔ Correct Answer: Informed consent integrity through debriefing
*Rationale: Debriefing restores ethical transparency after deception.
6. A clinician prioritizes doing no harm when selecting a treatment plan.
Which principle is being applied? ✔ Answer: Nonmaleficence
✔ Correct Answer: Nonmaleficence
*Rationale: Nonmaleficence emphasizes avoiding harm to patients.
7. A researcher observes participants in a public setting without intervention
or identification. Which ethical concern is most relevant? ✔ Answer:
Privacy in public observation
✔ Correct Answer: Privacy in public observation
*Rationale: Even in public spaces, expectations of privacy and ethical
observation standards apply.
8. A theory claims that moral actions are those that maximize overall
happiness. Which ethical framework is this? ✔ Answer: Utilitarianism
✔ Correct Answer: Utilitarianism
, *Rationale: Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall well-being or
utility.
9. A healthcare proxy makes decisions for a patient who is incapacitated. What
ethical concept is being enacted? ✔ Answer: Surrogate decision-making
✔ Correct Answer: Surrogate decision-making
*Rationale: A designated proxy ensures continuity of autonomous decision
representation.
10.A philosopher argues that knowledge is only justified true belief plus an
additional condition to avoid luck. What problem is being addressed? ✔
Answer: Gettier problem
✔ Correct Answer: Gettier problem
*Rationale: The Gettier problem challenges the adequacy of justified true
belief as knowledge.
11.A hospital refuses treatment due to resource scarcity during a crisis. Which
ethical principle is primarily applied? ✔ Answer: Justice
✔ Correct Answer: Justice
*Rationale: Justice concerns fair distribution of limited resources.
12.A patient refuses a life-saving transfusion for religious reasons. Which
principle is most directly respected? ✔ Answer: Autonomy
✔ Correct Answer: Autonomy
*Rationale: Autonomy respects individual choice even against medical
advice.
13.A researcher selects participants only from easily accessible groups rather
than representative populations. What bias is introduced? ✔ Answer:
Selection bias
✔ Correct Answer: Selection bias
*Rationale: Convenience sampling leads to non-representative data.
14.A moral theory states that actions are right if they follow duty regardless of
consequences. Which theory is this? ✔ Answer: Deontology
