NR283 Exam 2 Study Guide 2026 | Chapters 8, 10,
12 & 13 | Pathophysiology Practice Questions &
Verified Answers
Chapter 8: Skin Disorders
1. Describe the layers of the skin
a. Epidermis: 5 layers that vary in thickness
-Keratin: waterproofing
-Melanin: skin pigment-determines skin color
-Albinism: lack of melatonin production
-Vitiligo: small area of hypopigmentation
-Melasma: patches of darker skin
b. Dermis: Connective tissue containing elastic & collagen fibers
-Flexibility & strength of skin
-Contains nerves & blood vessels
-Sensory receptors: pressure, touch, pain, heat, cold
2. What are appendages in the skin? What is the function of each?
a. Hair follicles: Stratum Basale-hair producing
-Arrector pili muscle associated with hair follicle
b. Sebaceous glands: Produce sebum
-secretion increases at puberty-influence of sex hormones
c. Sweat glands:
i. Eccrine: glands all over body and secrete sweat through pores onto the skin in
response to increased heat or emotional stress
ii. Apocrine: sweat glands in axillae, scalp, face, external genitalia and the ducts of
these glands open into the hair follicles.
3. What are the 5 functions of the skin?
-First line of defense (mechanical barrier)
-Prevents excessive fluid loss
-Sensory perception
-Synthesizes vitamin D
4. Describe the following skin lesions: (Table 8-1)
a. Vesicle: or blister, thin wall, raised, fluid filled
b. Plaque: slightly elevated, flat, “scale” like lesion
c. Crust: dry rough surface or dried exudate or blood
d. Lichenification: thick dry rough surface (leather like)
e. Keloid: raised irregular and increasing mass of collagen, resulting from excessive scar
tissue formation
f. Fissure: crack in tissue
g. Ulcer: cavity in tissue
h. Erosion: shallow moist cavity in epidermis
i. Comedome: mass of sebum, keratin & debris blocking the opening of a hair follicle
5. What is pruritus? Chemical irritation caused by insect bites, allergic responses, infestations by
parasites.
a. What can cause it? Release of histamine in hypersensitivity response
,b. Why is it harmful to scratch a pruritic area? May break skin increasing risk for infection
, c. Describe treatments for pruritus: topical agents (reduce sensation) antihistamines or
glucocorticoids. Avoidance of allergens. Antibiotics with infections. Surgery, laser
therapy, electrodessication, cryosurgery (Precancerous lesions).
6. What is the differences between contact dermatitis and allergic dermatitis?
Contact: exposure to allergen (metals, cosmetics, soaps, chemicals, plants) Occurs on first
exposure. Pruritic rash develops at site few hours later. Direct chemical or mechanical irritation-
does not involve immune response, is inflammatory b/c of direct exposure (remove irritant,
reduce inflammation w/ glucocorticoids)
Allergic: result of type 1 hypersensitivity (ingestion of substances: shellfish, drugs, fruits, nuts).
Pruritic lesions & hives part of anaphylaxis (check for swelling around mouth & airway).
Administer EpiPen or other first aid.
7. What is atopic dermatitis (Eczema)? Inherited tendency. Chronic inflammation from response to
allergens (eosinophilia & increased serum IgE levels).
a. What are clinical manifestations? Children: Rash is erythematous w/ serous exudate.
Occurs on face, chest & shoulders. Adults: rash is dry, scaly, pruritic on flexor surfaces
b. How is it treated? Topical glucocorticoids & antihistamines
8. What is psoriasis? Chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Abnormal T cell activation-excessive
proliferation of keratinocytes. Increased cellular proliferation
a. What are the clinical manifestations? Lesions on face, scalp, elbows, knees. Itching or
burning sensations
b. What cells are abnormally activated? T cell
c. What medication are severe cases treated with? Glucocorticoids, tar preparations,
antimetabolites
9. What is scleroderma? Skin disorder may be systemic & affect viscera. Increased collagen
deposition
a. What happens to produce hard, shiny, tight, immovable areas of skin? Inflammation &
fibrosis w/ decreased capillary networks
b. Can this happen elsewhere in the body? May cause renal failure, intestinal obstruction,
respiratory failure by distortion of tissues
10. What is cellulitis? Bacterial skin infection of the dermis & subcutaneous tissue.
a. What organism usually causes it? Staphylococcus aureus & sometimes Streptococcus
b. What are clinical manifestations? Red, swollen & painful areas. Red streaks develop
along lymph vessels proximal to infected area
11. What is a furuncle (boils)? Bacterial Infection
a. What are the clinical manifestations? Large amount of frequent drainage of purulent
exudate
12 & 13 | Pathophysiology Practice Questions &
Verified Answers
Chapter 8: Skin Disorders
1. Describe the layers of the skin
a. Epidermis: 5 layers that vary in thickness
-Keratin: waterproofing
-Melanin: skin pigment-determines skin color
-Albinism: lack of melatonin production
-Vitiligo: small area of hypopigmentation
-Melasma: patches of darker skin
b. Dermis: Connective tissue containing elastic & collagen fibers
-Flexibility & strength of skin
-Contains nerves & blood vessels
-Sensory receptors: pressure, touch, pain, heat, cold
2. What are appendages in the skin? What is the function of each?
a. Hair follicles: Stratum Basale-hair producing
-Arrector pili muscle associated with hair follicle
b. Sebaceous glands: Produce sebum
-secretion increases at puberty-influence of sex hormones
c. Sweat glands:
i. Eccrine: glands all over body and secrete sweat through pores onto the skin in
response to increased heat or emotional stress
ii. Apocrine: sweat glands in axillae, scalp, face, external genitalia and the ducts of
these glands open into the hair follicles.
3. What are the 5 functions of the skin?
-First line of defense (mechanical barrier)
-Prevents excessive fluid loss
-Sensory perception
-Synthesizes vitamin D
4. Describe the following skin lesions: (Table 8-1)
a. Vesicle: or blister, thin wall, raised, fluid filled
b. Plaque: slightly elevated, flat, “scale” like lesion
c. Crust: dry rough surface or dried exudate or blood
d. Lichenification: thick dry rough surface (leather like)
e. Keloid: raised irregular and increasing mass of collagen, resulting from excessive scar
tissue formation
f. Fissure: crack in tissue
g. Ulcer: cavity in tissue
h. Erosion: shallow moist cavity in epidermis
i. Comedome: mass of sebum, keratin & debris blocking the opening of a hair follicle
5. What is pruritus? Chemical irritation caused by insect bites, allergic responses, infestations by
parasites.
a. What can cause it? Release of histamine in hypersensitivity response
,b. Why is it harmful to scratch a pruritic area? May break skin increasing risk for infection
, c. Describe treatments for pruritus: topical agents (reduce sensation) antihistamines or
glucocorticoids. Avoidance of allergens. Antibiotics with infections. Surgery, laser
therapy, electrodessication, cryosurgery (Precancerous lesions).
6. What is the differences between contact dermatitis and allergic dermatitis?
Contact: exposure to allergen (metals, cosmetics, soaps, chemicals, plants) Occurs on first
exposure. Pruritic rash develops at site few hours later. Direct chemical or mechanical irritation-
does not involve immune response, is inflammatory b/c of direct exposure (remove irritant,
reduce inflammation w/ glucocorticoids)
Allergic: result of type 1 hypersensitivity (ingestion of substances: shellfish, drugs, fruits, nuts).
Pruritic lesions & hives part of anaphylaxis (check for swelling around mouth & airway).
Administer EpiPen or other first aid.
7. What is atopic dermatitis (Eczema)? Inherited tendency. Chronic inflammation from response to
allergens (eosinophilia & increased serum IgE levels).
a. What are clinical manifestations? Children: Rash is erythematous w/ serous exudate.
Occurs on face, chest & shoulders. Adults: rash is dry, scaly, pruritic on flexor surfaces
b. How is it treated? Topical glucocorticoids & antihistamines
8. What is psoriasis? Chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Abnormal T cell activation-excessive
proliferation of keratinocytes. Increased cellular proliferation
a. What are the clinical manifestations? Lesions on face, scalp, elbows, knees. Itching or
burning sensations
b. What cells are abnormally activated? T cell
c. What medication are severe cases treated with? Glucocorticoids, tar preparations,
antimetabolites
9. What is scleroderma? Skin disorder may be systemic & affect viscera. Increased collagen
deposition
a. What happens to produce hard, shiny, tight, immovable areas of skin? Inflammation &
fibrosis w/ decreased capillary networks
b. Can this happen elsewhere in the body? May cause renal failure, intestinal obstruction,
respiratory failure by distortion of tissues
10. What is cellulitis? Bacterial skin infection of the dermis & subcutaneous tissue.
a. What organism usually causes it? Staphylococcus aureus & sometimes Streptococcus
b. What are clinical manifestations? Red, swollen & painful areas. Red streaks develop
along lymph vessels proximal to infected area
11. What is a furuncle (boils)? Bacterial Infection
a. What are the clinical manifestations? Large amount of frequent drainage of purulent
exudate
