During examination of a newborn male cria, adhesions between the free end of the
penis and the prepuce are evident. What is the most likely explanation?
A - Normal finding
B - Common congenital malformation of preputial ring, associated with phimosis
C - Secondary to stress in utero, 5th month
D - Failure of separation of preputial diverticulum
E - Sequella of hypospadias; Heritable
Give this one a try later!
A - Normal finding
Normal male crias are born with adhesionsbetween the free end of the
penis and the prepuce. As they sexually mature these adhesions gradually
detach, so puberty can be seen clinically when the penis can be
completely exteriorized.
Castration prior to puberty may result in continued adhesions. In Peru,
males are not generally used for breeding until 3 years of age.
, Male llamas reach puberty at approximately 21 months (range 9-31 months).
Alpacas mature earlier, around 12 months of age.
Atresia coli in the calf is associated with which one of the following choices?
A - Freemartins
B - Rectal palpation in 1st 42 days of pregnancy
C - History of ketosis/hepatic lipidosis in dam
D - Oral doxycycline
E - Dry matter intake over 20% during dam's peak lactation
Give this one a try later!
B - Rectal palpation in 1st 42 days of pregnancy
Vascular damage secondary to amniotic vesicle palpation in the first 6
weeks of embryonic development can lead to intestinal ischemia and
atresia in calves.
Inherited atresias of the intestine are relatively common in large animals.
Only 30% of calves with atresia coli survive to adulthood.
Surgical correction is not recommended in Holstein calves because atresia
coli is probably heritable in this breed.
Click here to see a barium series radiograph of atresia coli in a calf and a
necropsy image from same calf.
Congenital atresia ani, (imperforate anus, seen most in cattle, sheep, pigs)
occurs when the dorsal membrane separating the rectum and anus fails to
rupture.
Clinical signs at birth include tenesmus, abdominal pain and distention,
retention of feces, absence of an anal opening.
,A horse presents to your clinic after ingesting a large amount of grain. What is your
major concern?
A - Laminitis
B - Impaction
C - Choke
D - Acidosis
E - Torsion
Give this one a try later!
A - Laminitis
The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis,
endotoxemia, and diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload
and appropriate therapy to evacuate any remaining stomach contents,
ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis should be instituted
immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly administered.
A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a strange expression.
Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There is ptosis O.D. (right eye) and the dog is
drooling on the exam table.
What anatomic structure is damaged?
A - Facial nerve
B - Left side inner ear
C - Trigeminal nerve
D - Right side inner ear
E - Left side medulla, motor tract
Give this one a try later!
, A - Facial nerve
Think of facial nerve paralysis (CN 7) with a unilaterally droopy face.
Remember the facial nerve is motor to the muscles of facial expression
(explaining the right side drooped ear, lip, and eyelid) and innervates the
lacrimal and salivary glands.
Loss of innervations can lead to dry eye, and possibly to exposure keratitis
if animal loses ability to close eyelid from damage to facial nerve
innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Idiopathic in 75% of canine cases (25% of cats).
Can also see these signs with middle ear damage (from otitis media), from
facial nerve trauma (ear surgery in dogs, or pressure from halter buckles in
anesthetized horses), or neoplasia.
Think more of a dropped jaw with trigeminal nerve neuropathy (CN 5-dogs
and horses)
Severe combined immunodeficiency is a lethal autosomal recessive trait in Arabian
foals. Heterozygotes are clinically normal. If the heterozygote carrier rate for the
genetic mutation is 8%, what is the expected frequency of Arabian foals that are
homozygous for the mutated allele?
A - 2%
B - 0.064%
C - 0.64%
D - 25%
E - 4%
F - 0.16%
Give this one a try later!
penis and the prepuce are evident. What is the most likely explanation?
A - Normal finding
B - Common congenital malformation of preputial ring, associated with phimosis
C - Secondary to stress in utero, 5th month
D - Failure of separation of preputial diverticulum
E - Sequella of hypospadias; Heritable
Give this one a try later!
A - Normal finding
Normal male crias are born with adhesionsbetween the free end of the
penis and the prepuce. As they sexually mature these adhesions gradually
detach, so puberty can be seen clinically when the penis can be
completely exteriorized.
Castration prior to puberty may result in continued adhesions. In Peru,
males are not generally used for breeding until 3 years of age.
, Male llamas reach puberty at approximately 21 months (range 9-31 months).
Alpacas mature earlier, around 12 months of age.
Atresia coli in the calf is associated with which one of the following choices?
A - Freemartins
B - Rectal palpation in 1st 42 days of pregnancy
C - History of ketosis/hepatic lipidosis in dam
D - Oral doxycycline
E - Dry matter intake over 20% during dam's peak lactation
Give this one a try later!
B - Rectal palpation in 1st 42 days of pregnancy
Vascular damage secondary to amniotic vesicle palpation in the first 6
weeks of embryonic development can lead to intestinal ischemia and
atresia in calves.
Inherited atresias of the intestine are relatively common in large animals.
Only 30% of calves with atresia coli survive to adulthood.
Surgical correction is not recommended in Holstein calves because atresia
coli is probably heritable in this breed.
Click here to see a barium series radiograph of atresia coli in a calf and a
necropsy image from same calf.
Congenital atresia ani, (imperforate anus, seen most in cattle, sheep, pigs)
occurs when the dorsal membrane separating the rectum and anus fails to
rupture.
Clinical signs at birth include tenesmus, abdominal pain and distention,
retention of feces, absence of an anal opening.
,A horse presents to your clinic after ingesting a large amount of grain. What is your
major concern?
A - Laminitis
B - Impaction
C - Choke
D - Acidosis
E - Torsion
Give this one a try later!
A - Laminitis
The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis,
endotoxemia, and diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload
and appropriate therapy to evacuate any remaining stomach contents,
ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis should be instituted
immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly administered.
A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a strange expression.
Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There is ptosis O.D. (right eye) and the dog is
drooling on the exam table.
What anatomic structure is damaged?
A - Facial nerve
B - Left side inner ear
C - Trigeminal nerve
D - Right side inner ear
E - Left side medulla, motor tract
Give this one a try later!
, A - Facial nerve
Think of facial nerve paralysis (CN 7) with a unilaterally droopy face.
Remember the facial nerve is motor to the muscles of facial expression
(explaining the right side drooped ear, lip, and eyelid) and innervates the
lacrimal and salivary glands.
Loss of innervations can lead to dry eye, and possibly to exposure keratitis
if animal loses ability to close eyelid from damage to facial nerve
innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Idiopathic in 75% of canine cases (25% of cats).
Can also see these signs with middle ear damage (from otitis media), from
facial nerve trauma (ear surgery in dogs, or pressure from halter buckles in
anesthetized horses), or neoplasia.
Think more of a dropped jaw with trigeminal nerve neuropathy (CN 5-dogs
and horses)
Severe combined immunodeficiency is a lethal autosomal recessive trait in Arabian
foals. Heterozygotes are clinically normal. If the heterozygote carrier rate for the
genetic mutation is 8%, what is the expected frequency of Arabian foals that are
homozygous for the mutated allele?
A - 2%
B - 0.064%
C - 0.64%
D - 25%
E - 4%
F - 0.16%
Give this one a try later!
