NSG 120 – Pathophysiology Exam 1 Dr. Scott
Kruger | Questions and Answers | 2026/27 Updated
UNIVERSITY: Herzing University
SUBJECT: NSG 120 – Pathophysiology
PROFESSOR: Dr. Scott Kruger
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Exam Overview & Instructions
2. Multiple Choice (Questions 1-85)
3. True / False (Questions 86-105)
4. Fill in the Blank (Questions 106-120)
5. Matching (Questions 121-130)
6. Clinical Case Studies (Questions 131-135)
7. Complete Answer Key & Rationales
1. EXAM OVERVIEW & INSTRUCTIONS
- Total questions: 135
- Suggested time: 2 hours (practice mode)
- Question types: multiple choice, true/false, fill‑in‑the‑blank, matching, case studies.
- Instructions: Select the single best answer. Correct answers are bolded.
- Formatting: No color or highlighting – prevents preview cheating.
- Content basis: Dr. Scott Kruger’s NSG 120 Pathophysiology Exam 1.
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE (Questions 1-85)
CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY
Q1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size and function due to
reduced workload or diminished blood supply?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C
,Q2. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular enlargement. This is an
example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: B
Q3. A 60‑year‑old smoker has a bronchial biopsy showing replacement of normal ciliated
columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium. This cellular change is called:
A) Anaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C
Q4. A Pap smear from a 35‑year‑old female reveals disordered growth of cervical epithelial cells
with loss of normal architecture but no invasion. This finding is:
A) Metaplasia
B) Anaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hypertrophy
Answer: C
Q5. The earliest reversible change in cell injury due to hypoxia is:
A) Nuclear pyknosis
B) Cellular swelling
C) Fatty change
D) Membrane rupture
Answer: B
Q6. A patient with a myocardial infarction has dead heart muscle tissue with preserved
structural outlines. This type of necrosis is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: A
, Q7. A patient with acute pancreatitis develops chalky white deposits in the peritoneum. This is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
Answer: B
Q8. A patient with tuberculosis has lung tissue that appears soft, granular, and cheese‑like. This
is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Q9. Apoptosis is best described as:
A) Uncontrolled cell death due to injury
B) Programmed cell death that does not cause inflammation
C) Death of a group of cells from ischemia
D) Death of cells due to bacterial toxins
Answer: B
INFLAMMATION & IMMUNITY
Q10. The four cardinal signs of acute inflammation are:
A) Fever, chills, headache, malaise
B) Redness, swelling, heat, pain
C) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue
D) Edema, hypotension, bradycardia, pallor
Answer: B
Q11. Which white blood cell is the first to arrive at the site of acute bacterial infection?
A) Lymphocyte
B) Eosinophil
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage
Answer: C
Kruger | Questions and Answers | 2026/27 Updated
UNIVERSITY: Herzing University
SUBJECT: NSG 120 – Pathophysiology
PROFESSOR: Dr. Scott Kruger
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Exam Overview & Instructions
2. Multiple Choice (Questions 1-85)
3. True / False (Questions 86-105)
4. Fill in the Blank (Questions 106-120)
5. Matching (Questions 121-130)
6. Clinical Case Studies (Questions 131-135)
7. Complete Answer Key & Rationales
1. EXAM OVERVIEW & INSTRUCTIONS
- Total questions: 135
- Suggested time: 2 hours (practice mode)
- Question types: multiple choice, true/false, fill‑in‑the‑blank, matching, case studies.
- Instructions: Select the single best answer. Correct answers are bolded.
- Formatting: No color or highlighting – prevents preview cheating.
- Content basis: Dr. Scott Kruger’s NSG 120 Pathophysiology Exam 1.
2. MULTIPLE CHOICE (Questions 1-85)
CELLULAR ADAPTATION & INJURY
Q1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size and function due to
reduced workload or diminished blood supply?
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: C
,Q2. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular enlargement. This is an
example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: B
Q3. A 60‑year‑old smoker has a bronchial biopsy showing replacement of normal ciliated
columnar epithelium with stratified squamous epithelium. This cellular change is called:
A) Anaplasia
B) Hyperplasia
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Answer: C
Q4. A Pap smear from a 35‑year‑old female reveals disordered growth of cervical epithelial cells
with loss of normal architecture but no invasion. This finding is:
A) Metaplasia
B) Anaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Hypertrophy
Answer: C
Q5. The earliest reversible change in cell injury due to hypoxia is:
A) Nuclear pyknosis
B) Cellular swelling
C) Fatty change
D) Membrane rupture
Answer: B
Q6. A patient with a myocardial infarction has dead heart muscle tissue with preserved
structural outlines. This type of necrosis is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: A
, Q7. A patient with acute pancreatitis develops chalky white deposits in the peritoneum. This is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fibrinoid necrosis
Answer: B
Q8. A patient with tuberculosis has lung tissue that appears soft, granular, and cheese‑like. This
is:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
Answer: C
Q9. Apoptosis is best described as:
A) Uncontrolled cell death due to injury
B) Programmed cell death that does not cause inflammation
C) Death of a group of cells from ischemia
D) Death of cells due to bacterial toxins
Answer: B
INFLAMMATION & IMMUNITY
Q10. The four cardinal signs of acute inflammation are:
A) Fever, chills, headache, malaise
B) Redness, swelling, heat, pain
C) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue
D) Edema, hypotension, bradycardia, pallor
Answer: B
Q11. Which white blood cell is the first to arrive at the site of acute bacterial infection?
A) Lymphocyte
B) Eosinophil
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage
Answer: C
