BIO 150 CORE MAIN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the characteristics unique to eukaryotes? - ✔✔-larger cell size
-cytoskeleton and inner membrane system
-organelles
-nucleus and linear dna
-sexual reproduction
-multicellularity
✔✔What are characteristics of simple multicellularity? - ✔✔-comprised of similar cells
with little interdependence
-most cells are in contact with environment
-each cell can perform all the cellular functions needed to survive and reproduce
✔✔What are characteristics of complex multicellularity? - ✔✔-different functions that
depend on each other to survive
-specialize cells carry out specific functions
-cannot survive independently
✔✔What are the main advantages of multicullularity? - ✔✔-multicellular organisms are
bigger
-multicellular organism usually demonstrate cell differentiation, which allows for
specialized cells that perform specialized functions
,✔✔What are issues with complex multicellularity? - ✔✔-cell coordination
-cell specialization
-nutrients/waste
✔✔What adaptations are used for cell coordination? - ✔✔-adhesion between cells
-communication between cells
-genetic programming cell differentiation
✔✔What adaptations are used for cell specialization? - ✔✔genetic programming cell
differentiation
✔✔What adaptations are used for nutrients and waste in complex multicellularity? -
✔✔internal transport of nutrients and wastes to and from each cell (bulk flow)
✔✔Animals use what type of communication between cells? - ✔✔gap junctions
✔✔Plants cells use what type of cell communication? - ✔✔plasmodesmata
✔✔What are the levels of cell differentiation? - ✔✔-zygote
-differentiation occurs
-tissues
-organs
-organ systems
✔✔Define bulk flow - ✔✔any means by which molecules move through organisms at
rates beyond those possible by diffusion across a gradient
✔✔Define xylem - ✔✔the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved
nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.
✔✔Define phloem - ✔✔the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other
metabolic products downward from the leaves.
✔✔In what order did complex multicellularity characteristics evolve? - ✔✔adhesion ->
inter-cell communication -> bulk flow
✔✔What enabled huge species diversification? - ✔✔bulk flow
✔✔Why was oxygen so important to the evolution of complex multicellularity? -
✔✔aerobic cellular respiration produces tons of energy in comparison to other
metabolic reactions
, ✔✔Define constitutive responses - ✔✔always present, typically an adaptive response to
consistent selective pressures
✔✔What is an example of constitutive responses? - ✔✔spines on a plant dye to
herbivory
✔✔Define inducible response - ✔✔short-term or reversible response activated by
environmental stimuli
✔✔What is an example of inducible responses? - ✔✔production of plant growth
hormones in response to light/dark conditions
✔✔Define negative feedback loop - ✔✔The net effect of the response to the stimulus is
to shut off the original stimulus to reduce its intensity
✔✔What are examples of negative feedback loops? - ✔✔-thermostat
-body temperature
-heart rate
-blood pressure
-hunger
✔✔Define positive feedback loop - ✔✔tends to cause a variable to change in the same
direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus (more rare in the body)
✔✔What are examples of positive feedback loop? - ✔✔-blood clotting
-childbirth
✔✔Why do organisms need to response to environmental signals to survive? - ✔✔-to
make/acquire food and nutrients
-to successfully reproduce
-avoid attacks by predator/parasite/herbivore
-maintain homeostasis
✔✔Define homeostasis - ✔✔actively regulate and maintain a constant internal state in
the face of changing environmental conditions
✔✔What is balanced through homeostasis? - ✔✔-water balance
-temperature
✔✔Define osmoregulation - ✔✔the balance of water and electrolytes
✔✔What determines the water content of a cell? - ✔✔osmosis
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the characteristics unique to eukaryotes? - ✔✔-larger cell size
-cytoskeleton and inner membrane system
-organelles
-nucleus and linear dna
-sexual reproduction
-multicellularity
✔✔What are characteristics of simple multicellularity? - ✔✔-comprised of similar cells
with little interdependence
-most cells are in contact with environment
-each cell can perform all the cellular functions needed to survive and reproduce
✔✔What are characteristics of complex multicellularity? - ✔✔-different functions that
depend on each other to survive
-specialize cells carry out specific functions
-cannot survive independently
✔✔What are the main advantages of multicullularity? - ✔✔-multicellular organisms are
bigger
-multicellular organism usually demonstrate cell differentiation, which allows for
specialized cells that perform specialized functions
,✔✔What are issues with complex multicellularity? - ✔✔-cell coordination
-cell specialization
-nutrients/waste
✔✔What adaptations are used for cell coordination? - ✔✔-adhesion between cells
-communication between cells
-genetic programming cell differentiation
✔✔What adaptations are used for cell specialization? - ✔✔genetic programming cell
differentiation
✔✔What adaptations are used for nutrients and waste in complex multicellularity? -
✔✔internal transport of nutrients and wastes to and from each cell (bulk flow)
✔✔Animals use what type of communication between cells? - ✔✔gap junctions
✔✔Plants cells use what type of cell communication? - ✔✔plasmodesmata
✔✔What are the levels of cell differentiation? - ✔✔-zygote
-differentiation occurs
-tissues
-organs
-organ systems
✔✔Define bulk flow - ✔✔any means by which molecules move through organisms at
rates beyond those possible by diffusion across a gradient
✔✔Define xylem - ✔✔the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved
nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.
✔✔Define phloem - ✔✔the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other
metabolic products downward from the leaves.
✔✔In what order did complex multicellularity characteristics evolve? - ✔✔adhesion ->
inter-cell communication -> bulk flow
✔✔What enabled huge species diversification? - ✔✔bulk flow
✔✔Why was oxygen so important to the evolution of complex multicellularity? -
✔✔aerobic cellular respiration produces tons of energy in comparison to other
metabolic reactions
, ✔✔Define constitutive responses - ✔✔always present, typically an adaptive response to
consistent selective pressures
✔✔What is an example of constitutive responses? - ✔✔spines on a plant dye to
herbivory
✔✔Define inducible response - ✔✔short-term or reversible response activated by
environmental stimuli
✔✔What is an example of inducible responses? - ✔✔production of plant growth
hormones in response to light/dark conditions
✔✔Define negative feedback loop - ✔✔The net effect of the response to the stimulus is
to shut off the original stimulus to reduce its intensity
✔✔What are examples of negative feedback loops? - ✔✔-thermostat
-body temperature
-heart rate
-blood pressure
-hunger
✔✔Define positive feedback loop - ✔✔tends to cause a variable to change in the same
direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus (more rare in the body)
✔✔What are examples of positive feedback loop? - ✔✔-blood clotting
-childbirth
✔✔Why do organisms need to response to environmental signals to survive? - ✔✔-to
make/acquire food and nutrients
-to successfully reproduce
-avoid attacks by predator/parasite/herbivore
-maintain homeostasis
✔✔Define homeostasis - ✔✔actively regulate and maintain a constant internal state in
the face of changing environmental conditions
✔✔What is balanced through homeostasis? - ✔✔-water balance
-temperature
✔✔Define osmoregulation - ✔✔the balance of water and electrolytes
✔✔What determines the water content of a cell? - ✔✔osmosis
