BIOS 252 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED PASS!!
1. How is sugar regulated in the body (both up and
down regulation of the molecule in the blood stream)
When the body does not convert enough glucose for
use, blood sugar levels remain high. Insulin helps the
body’s cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar and
providing the cells with the glucose they need for
energy. When blood sugar levels are too low the
pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon forces the liver to
release stored glucose which causes the blood sugar to
rise.
2. Discriminate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine
and exocrine secretions
Autocrine – Hormones that act on the cell that
produced them.
,Paracrine – Hormones are released from cells and bind
to receptor on nearby cells and affects their function.
Local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells
Endocrine –Secret their hormones into the interstitial
fluid surrounding secretory cells
Exocrine – Secrete their products into ducts that carry
the secretion into body cavities into the lumen of an
organ or the sweat glands and sebaceous glands,
mucus and digestive glands
4. Describe sensation and signal transduction for each of
the special senses.
Olfactory- your ability to smell comes from specialized
sensory cells called olfactory sensory neurons which are
found in small patch of tissue high inside the nose. Each
olfactory neuron has one odor receptor once the
neurons detect the molecules, they send messages to
your brain which identifies the smell
extending from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell
are several olfactory cilia, which are sites of olfactory
transduction. Within the plasma membrane of the
olfactory cilia are olfactory receptor proteins that detect
inhaled chemicals. Chemicals bind to and stimulate the
, olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia. Olfactory
receptor cells respond to the chemical stimulation of an
odorant molecule by producing a receptor potential,
initiating the olfactory response
Gustation – taste is the sensation produced when a
substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste
receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity
Hearing – is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting
vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding
medium though time,
Vision- is the act of seeing, it allows us to see potentially
dangerous objects in our surroundings.
6. Describe the different kinds of diabetes and how they
interact with/are dependent on the endocrine system
(Page 663)
Because insulin is unavailable to aid transport of
glucose into body cells, blood glucose level is high and
glucose “spills” into the urine (glucosuria). Type 1
diabetes, previously known as insulindependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM), occurs because the person’s
immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells. Type
2 diabetes, formerly known as noninsulin-dependent
diabetes.
| LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED PASS!!
1. How is sugar regulated in the body (both up and
down regulation of the molecule in the blood stream)
When the body does not convert enough glucose for
use, blood sugar levels remain high. Insulin helps the
body’s cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar and
providing the cells with the glucose they need for
energy. When blood sugar levels are too low the
pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon forces the liver to
release stored glucose which causes the blood sugar to
rise.
2. Discriminate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine
and exocrine secretions
Autocrine – Hormones that act on the cell that
produced them.
,Paracrine – Hormones are released from cells and bind
to receptor on nearby cells and affects their function.
Local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells
Endocrine –Secret their hormones into the interstitial
fluid surrounding secretory cells
Exocrine – Secrete their products into ducts that carry
the secretion into body cavities into the lumen of an
organ or the sweat glands and sebaceous glands,
mucus and digestive glands
4. Describe sensation and signal transduction for each of
the special senses.
Olfactory- your ability to smell comes from specialized
sensory cells called olfactory sensory neurons which are
found in small patch of tissue high inside the nose. Each
olfactory neuron has one odor receptor once the
neurons detect the molecules, they send messages to
your brain which identifies the smell
extending from the dendrite of an olfactory receptor cell
are several olfactory cilia, which are sites of olfactory
transduction. Within the plasma membrane of the
olfactory cilia are olfactory receptor proteins that detect
inhaled chemicals. Chemicals bind to and stimulate the
, olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia. Olfactory
receptor cells respond to the chemical stimulation of an
odorant molecule by producing a receptor potential,
initiating the olfactory response
Gustation – taste is the sensation produced when a
substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste
receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity
Hearing – is the ability to perceive sounds by detecting
vibrations, changes in the pressure of the surrounding
medium though time,
Vision- is the act of seeing, it allows us to see potentially
dangerous objects in our surroundings.
6. Describe the different kinds of diabetes and how they
interact with/are dependent on the endocrine system
(Page 663)
Because insulin is unavailable to aid transport of
glucose into body cells, blood glucose level is high and
glucose “spills” into the urine (glucosuria). Type 1
diabetes, previously known as insulindependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM), occurs because the person’s
immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells. Type
2 diabetes, formerly known as noninsulin-dependent
diabetes.
