BIOS 252 FINAL EXAM ESSAY QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027
| 100% CORRECT ANSWERS | GUARANTEED
PASS!!
1. How is sugar regulated in the body (both up and down regulation of the
molecule in the blood stream)
When the body does not convert enough glucose for use, blood sugar levels remain
high. Insulin helps the body’s cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar and
providing the cells with the glucose they need for energy. When blood sugar levels
are too low the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon forces the liver to release
stored glucose which causes the blood sugar to rise.
2. Discriminate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and exocrine secretions
Autocrine – Hormones that act on the cell that produced them.
Paracrine – Hormones are released from cells and bind to receptor on nearby cells
and affects their function. Local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells
Endocrine –Secret their hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory
cells
Exocrine – Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretion into body
cavities into the lumen of an organ or the sweat glands and sebaceous glands,
mucus and digestive glands
3.Draw a sarcomere and describe the role of all major proteins that were discussed
class.
, T tubules – are invaginations of the sarcolemma into the center of the cell filled
with extracellular fluid that carry muscle action potentials down into cell
Myofilaments – thick and thin filaments, are contractile proteins of muscle
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) – stores Ca+2 in a relaxed muscle , release of Ca+2
triggers muscle contraction
Thick and thin filaments- overlap each other in a pattern that create striations (light I
bands and dark A bands), I band only contains thin filaments, arranged in
compartments calls sarcomeres separated by Z discs
Supporting proteins – M line, titin, and Z disc help anchor the thick and thin filaments
in place
6. Describe each endocrine gland and describe the hormone(s) it secretes, the
function(s) of the hormone(s) and how the endocrine gland is regulated.
Endocrine Gland Regulated by: Secretes
AND ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027
| 100% CORRECT ANSWERS | GUARANTEED
PASS!!
1. How is sugar regulated in the body (both up and down regulation of the
molecule in the blood stream)
When the body does not convert enough glucose for use, blood sugar levels remain
high. Insulin helps the body’s cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar and
providing the cells with the glucose they need for energy. When blood sugar levels
are too low the pancreas releases glucagon. Glucagon forces the liver to release
stored glucose which causes the blood sugar to rise.
2. Discriminate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine and exocrine secretions
Autocrine – Hormones that act on the cell that produced them.
Paracrine – Hormones are released from cells and bind to receptor on nearby cells
and affects their function. Local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells
Endocrine –Secret their hormones into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory
cells
Exocrine – Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretion into body
cavities into the lumen of an organ or the sweat glands and sebaceous glands,
mucus and digestive glands
3.Draw a sarcomere and describe the role of all major proteins that were discussed
class.
, T tubules – are invaginations of the sarcolemma into the center of the cell filled
with extracellular fluid that carry muscle action potentials down into cell
Myofilaments – thick and thin filaments, are contractile proteins of muscle
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) – stores Ca+2 in a relaxed muscle , release of Ca+2
triggers muscle contraction
Thick and thin filaments- overlap each other in a pattern that create striations (light I
bands and dark A bands), I band only contains thin filaments, arranged in
compartments calls sarcomeres separated by Z discs
Supporting proteins – M line, titin, and Z disc help anchor the thick and thin filaments
in place
6. Describe each endocrine gland and describe the hormone(s) it secretes, the
function(s) of the hormone(s) and how the endocrine gland is regulated.
Endocrine Gland Regulated by: Secretes
