BCBA UPDATED ALL FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Reinforcement - ✔✔Does NOT only strengthen rate. Also strengthen:
-Duration
-Latency
-Magnitude
-Topography
What happens right before reinforcement will be reinforced.
Delayed consequence are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence bx.
✔✔What Reinforcement Does - ✔✔-Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant.
-Changes what comes after bx & what comes before bx.
-Creates stimulus control
-depends on motivation
✔✔Unwanted effects of Reinforcement - ✔✔-Effects of reinforcement can be temporary.
-Ethical concerns arise from the severity of the EO that occasions the bx.
-Relying on the use of contrived reinforcers as opposed to natural reinforcers.
-Using potential reinforcers that may be harmful to long-term health or require
undesirably marked deprivation procedures as MOs
NOT TRUE
,-Giving reinforcement will result in loss of intrinsic motivation.
-People confusing reinforcement with bribery.
✔✔Reinforcement TRUMPS Punishment - ✔✔You should recommend reinforcement
rather than punishment WHENEVER POSSIBLE
✔✔Positive Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: Type 1 Reinforcement; Sr+
A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the presentation of a
stimulus that increases FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions.
MOST IMPORTANT & WIDELY USED CONCEPT IN ABA.
✔✔5 Types of Positive Reinforcers - ✔✔EATSS
Edible
Activity
Tangible
Social
Sensory
✔✔Negative Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: Type II Reinforcement; Sr-
A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the REDUCTION or
REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar
conditions.
✔✔2 Types of Negative Reinforcement - ✔✔1. Escape
2. Avoidance
✔✔Escape - ✔✔A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus.
✔✔Avoidance - ✔✔A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a
stimulus.
2 Types:
-Discriminated Avoidance
-Free-Operant Avoidance
✔✔Discriminated Avoidance - ✔✔A contingency in which responding in the presence of
a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
✔✔Free-Operant Avoidance - ✔✔NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at
any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The
avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time.
,✔✔Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement - ✔✔Creating an aversive condition
for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs!
✔✔Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer;
Unlearned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing
without any other form of reinforcement.
-No learning history required.
-Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs.
✔✔Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer;
Learned Reinforcer
When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer
through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers.
-Learning history required.
-Products of ontogency.
✔✔Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - ✔✔AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned &
conditioned reinforcers.
-Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness.
-They are likely to be reinforcing at any time.
-Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences.
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD
When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE
frequency of similar responses.
-Defined by function, not topography.
-Defined by future effects on bx.
-2-term contingency: Behavior-->Consequence
-Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of
Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others.
✔✔Threats are not punishment - ✔✔If a person stops a bx when you threaten them,
this is NOT bc of punishment. But bc the threat functions as the MO that evokes
alternative bxs that avoid the threatened punishment.
✔✔Recovery from Punishment - ✔✔When punishment is stopped, the effects on bx are
not permanent.
Equivalent to extinction for reinforcement.
, ✔✔Unwanted effect of Punishment - ✔✔-Society dislikes this
-Effect of punishment can be temporary
-People who are doing the procedures may be negatively reinforced by their bx.
-Does not address the cause of the challenging bx
-Emotional & aggressive reactions
-Escape & avoidance of ppl and settings
-Requires lots of supervision, resources & time
-Behavioral Contrast
✔✔Punisher - ✔✔A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the bx that
immediately precedes it
✔✔Positive Punishment - ✔✔AKA: Type I Punishment
A PROCESS that occurs when a stimulus is added immediately following a bx that
results in a decrease in FUTURE frequency of the bx.
✔✔5 Types of Positive Punishment Interventions - ✔✔ROSER
Reprimands
Overcorrection
Shock/Contingent Electrical Stimulation/ECT
Exercise/Contingent Exercise
Response Blocking
✔✔Overcorrection - ✔✔2 Types:
1. Restitutional Overcorrection: repair environment better than original state
2. Positive Practice Overcorrection: individual is required to correctly repeat bx for a
certain amount of time or a certain number of times
✔✔Exercise/Contingent Exercise - ✔✔An individual is required to perform a response
not topographically related to the bx.
✔✔Response Blocking - ✔✔Physically intervening as soon as individual begins to emit
bx to "block" the completion of the response
✔✔Negative Punishment - ✔✔AKA: Type II Punishment; Penalty Principle; Penalty
Contingency
A PROCESS when a response is immediately followed by removal of a stimulus (or
decrease in intensity of stimulus) that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar
responses
✔✔Negative Punishment Procedures - ✔✔Response Cost
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Reinforcement - ✔✔Does NOT only strengthen rate. Also strengthen:
-Duration
-Latency
-Magnitude
-Topography
What happens right before reinforcement will be reinforced.
Delayed consequence are not technically reinforcement, but they can influence bx.
✔✔What Reinforcement Does - ✔✔-Makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant.
-Changes what comes after bx & what comes before bx.
-Creates stimulus control
-depends on motivation
✔✔Unwanted effects of Reinforcement - ✔✔-Effects of reinforcement can be temporary.
-Ethical concerns arise from the severity of the EO that occasions the bx.
-Relying on the use of contrived reinforcers as opposed to natural reinforcers.
-Using potential reinforcers that may be harmful to long-term health or require
undesirably marked deprivation procedures as MOs
NOT TRUE
,-Giving reinforcement will result in loss of intrinsic motivation.
-People confusing reinforcement with bribery.
✔✔Reinforcement TRUMPS Punishment - ✔✔You should recommend reinforcement
rather than punishment WHENEVER POSSIBLE
✔✔Positive Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: Type 1 Reinforcement; Sr+
A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the presentation of a
stimulus that increases FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar conditions.
MOST IMPORTANT & WIDELY USED CONCEPT IN ABA.
✔✔5 Types of Positive Reinforcers - ✔✔EATSS
Edible
Activity
Tangible
Social
Sensory
✔✔Negative Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: Type II Reinforcement; Sr-
A PROCESS that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the REDUCTION or
REMOVAL of a stimulus that increases the FUTURE frequency of the bx in similar
conditions.
✔✔2 Types of Negative Reinforcement - ✔✔1. Escape
2. Avoidance
✔✔Escape - ✔✔A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus.
✔✔Avoidance - ✔✔A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a
stimulus.
2 Types:
-Discriminated Avoidance
-Free-Operant Avoidance
✔✔Discriminated Avoidance - ✔✔A contingency in which responding in the presence of
a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
✔✔Free-Operant Avoidance - ✔✔NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses at
any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The
avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time.
,✔✔Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement - ✔✔Creating an aversive condition
for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs!
✔✔Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer;
Unlearned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing
without any other form of reinforcement.
-No learning history required.
-Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs.
✔✔Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ✔✔AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer;
Learned Reinforcer
When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer
through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers.
-Learning history required.
-Products of ontogency.
✔✔Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - ✔✔AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned &
conditioned reinforcers.
-Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness.
-They are likely to be reinforcing at any time.
-Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences.
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD
When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE
frequency of similar responses.
-Defined by function, not topography.
-Defined by future effects on bx.
-2-term contingency: Behavior-->Consequence
-Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of
Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others.
✔✔Threats are not punishment - ✔✔If a person stops a bx when you threaten them,
this is NOT bc of punishment. But bc the threat functions as the MO that evokes
alternative bxs that avoid the threatened punishment.
✔✔Recovery from Punishment - ✔✔When punishment is stopped, the effects on bx are
not permanent.
Equivalent to extinction for reinforcement.
, ✔✔Unwanted effect of Punishment - ✔✔-Society dislikes this
-Effect of punishment can be temporary
-People who are doing the procedures may be negatively reinforced by their bx.
-Does not address the cause of the challenging bx
-Emotional & aggressive reactions
-Escape & avoidance of ppl and settings
-Requires lots of supervision, resources & time
-Behavioral Contrast
✔✔Punisher - ✔✔A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the bx that
immediately precedes it
✔✔Positive Punishment - ✔✔AKA: Type I Punishment
A PROCESS that occurs when a stimulus is added immediately following a bx that
results in a decrease in FUTURE frequency of the bx.
✔✔5 Types of Positive Punishment Interventions - ✔✔ROSER
Reprimands
Overcorrection
Shock/Contingent Electrical Stimulation/ECT
Exercise/Contingent Exercise
Response Blocking
✔✔Overcorrection - ✔✔2 Types:
1. Restitutional Overcorrection: repair environment better than original state
2. Positive Practice Overcorrection: individual is required to correctly repeat bx for a
certain amount of time or a certain number of times
✔✔Exercise/Contingent Exercise - ✔✔An individual is required to perform a response
not topographically related to the bx.
✔✔Response Blocking - ✔✔Physically intervening as soon as individual begins to emit
bx to "block" the completion of the response
✔✔Negative Punishment - ✔✔AKA: Type II Punishment; Penalty Principle; Penalty
Contingency
A PROCESS when a response is immediately followed by removal of a stimulus (or
decrease in intensity of stimulus) that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar
responses
✔✔Negative Punishment Procedures - ✔✔Response Cost
