BIOL 252 EXAM 1 COMPREHENSIVE TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+ FULLY UPDATED
⩥ blood.
Answer: carries important "stuff" through the body
• stuff = amino acids, glucose, vitamins, oxygen, CO2, etc.
⩥ Composition of the Blood.
Answer: - 55% plasma → fluids, proteins, nutrients
- 45% formed elements
⩥ formed elements.
Answer: • red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• white blood cells (leukocytes)
• platelets (thrombocytes)
⩥ Plasma.
Answer: - water (90% of plasma)
- proteins
,- ions and nutrients
⩥ plasma proteins.
Answer: • carriers (e.g., albumin) to shuttle molecules that are
not soluble because they're lipophilic (e.g., hormones) through
the circulation
• keep water in the bloodstream (contribute to osmotic pressure)
• role in clotting (fibrinogen, clotting factors)
⩥ plasma ions and nutrients.
Answer: • ions involved in osmotic pressure
• hormones, amino acid, glucose, etc.
⩥ erythrocytes (RBCs).
Answer: 99% of formed elements
• 45% of whole blood
• transport of gases
-- mainly transport O2 to the tissues (reversible binding to load
and unload)
-- assist in transport of CO2 to the lungs
• biconcave shape, no nucleus and lack some organelles
,-- more sacs so that more oxygen can be carried
⩥ leukocytes (WBCs).
Answer: • 1% of whole blood
• defense and immune systems
• use the blood for transport BUT not there to serve the blood
-- can leave the blood and migrate through connective tissues to
serve the tissues
• much larger and far fewer than erythrocytes
• have a nucleus and organelles; can be subdivided into different
groups
⩥ platelets.
Answer: blood clotting
⩥ Hemoglobin.
Answer: major component of RBCs; pigment protein composed
of four globin polypeptides each bound to a heme group bearing
an atom of iron which can bind to one oxygen molecule
- each hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen (one
per four globin polypeptide bound to a heme group)
, - oxygenated heme = red color
- reversibly binds with oxygen
- carrying 20% of the CO2 molecules back to the heart
⩥ Hematopoiesis.
Answer: blood cell formation
⩥ where are red and white blood cells and platelets
synthesized?.
Answer: in the red bone marrow
⩥ from what are red and white blood cells and platelets
synthesized?.
Answer: stem cells
⩥ how long do RBCs live for?.
Answer: 120 days
⩥ erythropoietin hormone.
Answer: hormone produced in the kidney's that promotes RBC
synthesis
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+ FULLY UPDATED
⩥ blood.
Answer: carries important "stuff" through the body
• stuff = amino acids, glucose, vitamins, oxygen, CO2, etc.
⩥ Composition of the Blood.
Answer: - 55% plasma → fluids, proteins, nutrients
- 45% formed elements
⩥ formed elements.
Answer: • red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• white blood cells (leukocytes)
• platelets (thrombocytes)
⩥ Plasma.
Answer: - water (90% of plasma)
- proteins
,- ions and nutrients
⩥ plasma proteins.
Answer: • carriers (e.g., albumin) to shuttle molecules that are
not soluble because they're lipophilic (e.g., hormones) through
the circulation
• keep water in the bloodstream (contribute to osmotic pressure)
• role in clotting (fibrinogen, clotting factors)
⩥ plasma ions and nutrients.
Answer: • ions involved in osmotic pressure
• hormones, amino acid, glucose, etc.
⩥ erythrocytes (RBCs).
Answer: 99% of formed elements
• 45% of whole blood
• transport of gases
-- mainly transport O2 to the tissues (reversible binding to load
and unload)
-- assist in transport of CO2 to the lungs
• biconcave shape, no nucleus and lack some organelles
,-- more sacs so that more oxygen can be carried
⩥ leukocytes (WBCs).
Answer: • 1% of whole blood
• defense and immune systems
• use the blood for transport BUT not there to serve the blood
-- can leave the blood and migrate through connective tissues to
serve the tissues
• much larger and far fewer than erythrocytes
• have a nucleus and organelles; can be subdivided into different
groups
⩥ platelets.
Answer: blood clotting
⩥ Hemoglobin.
Answer: major component of RBCs; pigment protein composed
of four globin polypeptides each bound to a heme group bearing
an atom of iron which can bind to one oxygen molecule
- each hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen (one
per four globin polypeptide bound to a heme group)
, - oxygenated heme = red color
- reversibly binds with oxygen
- carrying 20% of the CO2 molecules back to the heart
⩥ Hematopoiesis.
Answer: blood cell formation
⩥ where are red and white blood cells and platelets
synthesized?.
Answer: in the red bone marrow
⩥ from what are red and white blood cells and platelets
synthesized?.
Answer: stem cells
⩥ how long do RBCs live for?.
Answer: 120 days
⩥ erythropoietin hormone.
Answer: hormone produced in the kidney's that promotes RBC
synthesis
