NURS 8022 EXAM 1 |COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH EXPERT
SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| A+
Negative Feedback - (answer)Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High
FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - (answer)Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex:
Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - (answer)Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - (answer)channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
Peripheral proteins - (answer)Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP - (answer)Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd
phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion - (answer)Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW
concentration
,Simple/passive diffusion - (answer)Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur
if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - (answer)1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - (answer)Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - (answer)Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration;
DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport - (answer)Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in the
concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - (answer)Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll cells; enzyme
that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
, -Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Ca2+ ATPase - (answer)Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase - (answer)- Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated
cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - (answer)sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is
pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - (answer)Co-transport: Substance is transported in the
same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport - (answer)Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion
Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - (answer)Increase intracellular Ca2+
SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| A+
Negative Feedback - (answer)Promotes stability; cancels out the original response. Ex: High
FSBS, increased insulin by the pancreas
Positive Feedback - (answer)Promotes a change in one direction; instability, DISEASE. Ex:
Blood clotting, platelet cascade
Proteins - (answer)Provide selectivity to a membrane
Integral proteins - (answer)channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers
Peripheral proteins - (answer)Enzymes, intracellular, signal mediatiors
ATP - (answer)Converted to ADP to produce energy; chemical bonds between 2nd and 3rd
phosphate groups have abundant energy
Simple/passive diffusion - (answer)Occurs down a concentration gradient; from HIGH to LOW
concentration
,Simple/passive diffusion - (answer)Diffuse from high to lower pressure; diffusion will not occur
if the membrane is non permeable to the molecule
Factors that affect the net rate of diffusion - (answer)1. Concentration difference (high to low)
2. Electrical Potential (EMF)- charge difference on each side of the membrane matters TOO!
3. Pressure difference (higher pressure results in increased energy)
Osmosis - (answer)Passive transport of fluid across a membrane; from an area of low solute
concentration to high solute concentration (high FLUID to low FLUID)
Primary Active Transport - (answer)Molecules are "pumped" against ("uphill") a concentration;
DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Secondary Active Transport - (answer)Trasport is driven by the energy STORED in the
concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+); INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY
Na+- K+ ATPase - (answer)Carrier protein located on the plasma membrane of alll cells; enzyme
that converts ATP to ADP to release energy
, -Important role in regulating osmotic balance
-Requires one to two thirds of cells energy
Ca2+ ATPase - (answer)Maintains a low cystosolic Ca2+ concentration
H+ ATPase - (answer)- Found in parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated
cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
- Concentrates H+ ions up to 1 million-fold
Remember: Sodium Potassium Pump - (answer)sodium is pumped out of the cell; potassium is
pumped in...
Secondary Active Transport; Co-transport - (answer)Co-transport: Substance is transported in the
same direction as the "driver" ion (Na+)
Counter transport - (answer)Substance is transported in the opposite direction as the driver ion
Na+
How do cardiac glycosides increase cardiac contractility? - (answer)Increase intracellular Ca2+
