NR 601 MIDTERM EXAM UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What is chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔Daily chronic cough w/increased sputum for at least
3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.
Usually worse on wakening.
May or may not be associated with COPD.
✔✔What is emphysema? - ✔✔Characterized by obstruction to airflow caused by
abnormal airspace enlargement distal to terminal bronchioles.
Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective O2/CO2 exchange
(all due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating airways).
✔✔What are signal symptoms of ischemic heart dz? - ✔✔Chest pain
Chest tightness
Chest discomfort
✔✔What is ischemic heart dz? - ✔✔Imbalance between supply and demand for blood
flow to myocardium
,✔✔What are signal symptoms of lung CA? - ✔✔Cough
Dyspnea
Wt loss
Anorexia
Hemoptysis
✔✔What is lung CA? - ✔✔Malignant neoplasm originating in parenchyma of
lung/airways
✔✔What are signal symptoms of MI? - ✔✔Prolonged CP (>20min duration)
SOB
Confusion
Weakness
Worsening HF
✔✔What is an MI? - ✔✔Necrosis of heart tissue caused by lack of blood and O2 supply
to the heart
✔✔What are signal symptoms of pneumonia? - ✔✔Fever
Chills
Hypothermia
New cough w/or w/out sputum
Chest discomfort or dyspnea
Fatigue
HA
Some older adults will be asymptomatic but may experience falls/confusion
✔✔What is community acquired pneumonia? - ✔✔Acute lower resp tract infection of
lung parenchyma.
Can be bacterial or viral.
Bacterial is most common in older adults.
✔✔What are signal symptoms of a PE? - ✔✔Dyspnea
CP on inspiration
Anxiety
Presentation is variable
Symptoms nonspecific
Some asymptomatic
✔✔What is PE description? - ✔✔Occlusion of one or more pulmonary vessels by
traveling thrombus originating from distant site.
✔✔What are signal symptoms of tuberculosis? - ✔✔Initially asymptomatic
, Later: productive, prolonged cough
Fatigue
Low-grade fever
Night sweats
Poor appetite
Hemoptysis
Wt loss
Fever/sweats are less common in elderly
Symptoms in elderly are often attributed to other comorbidities
✔✔What is tuberculosis? - ✔✔Chronic, necrotizing infection caused by slow-growing
acid-fast bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
Most common cause of death related to infectious dz worldwide.
✔✔What are signal symptoms of valvular heart dz? - ✔✔Asymptomatic in early stages
Fatigue
Exertional dyspnea
✔✔What is valvular heart dz? - ✔✔Damage to valve(s) of the heart, causing cardiac
dysfunction.
Most prevalent types in elderly: calcific and degenerative aortic valve dz
✔✔What is aortic stenosis? - ✔✔Abnormal narrowing of aortic valve orifice
✔✔What is aortic regurgitation? - ✔✔Retrograde blood flow through incompetent aortic
valve into L ventricle during ventricular diastole
✔✔What is mitral stenosis? - ✔✔Abnormal narrowing of mitral valve orifice
✔✔What is mitral regurgitation? - ✔✔Retrograde blood flow during systole from L
ventricle into L atrium through incompetent mitral valve
✔✔What is mitral valve prolapse? - ✔✔Mitral regurgitation associated with bulging of
one or both mitral valve leaflets into L atrium during ventricular systole
✔✔What are most common causes of VHD in elderly? - ✔✔Age-related degenerative
calcifications
Myxomatous degeneration
Papillary muscle dysfunction
Infective endocarditis
Rheumatic dz
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What is chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔Daily chronic cough w/increased sputum for at least
3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.
Usually worse on wakening.
May or may not be associated with COPD.
✔✔What is emphysema? - ✔✔Characterized by obstruction to airflow caused by
abnormal airspace enlargement distal to terminal bronchioles.
Chronic inflammation/remodeling, trapping air, hindering effective O2/CO2 exchange
(all due to inflammatory mediators infiltrating airways).
✔✔What are signal symptoms of ischemic heart dz? - ✔✔Chest pain
Chest tightness
Chest discomfort
✔✔What is ischemic heart dz? - ✔✔Imbalance between supply and demand for blood
flow to myocardium
,✔✔What are signal symptoms of lung CA? - ✔✔Cough
Dyspnea
Wt loss
Anorexia
Hemoptysis
✔✔What is lung CA? - ✔✔Malignant neoplasm originating in parenchyma of
lung/airways
✔✔What are signal symptoms of MI? - ✔✔Prolonged CP (>20min duration)
SOB
Confusion
Weakness
Worsening HF
✔✔What is an MI? - ✔✔Necrosis of heart tissue caused by lack of blood and O2 supply
to the heart
✔✔What are signal symptoms of pneumonia? - ✔✔Fever
Chills
Hypothermia
New cough w/or w/out sputum
Chest discomfort or dyspnea
Fatigue
HA
Some older adults will be asymptomatic but may experience falls/confusion
✔✔What is community acquired pneumonia? - ✔✔Acute lower resp tract infection of
lung parenchyma.
Can be bacterial or viral.
Bacterial is most common in older adults.
✔✔What are signal symptoms of a PE? - ✔✔Dyspnea
CP on inspiration
Anxiety
Presentation is variable
Symptoms nonspecific
Some asymptomatic
✔✔What is PE description? - ✔✔Occlusion of one or more pulmonary vessels by
traveling thrombus originating from distant site.
✔✔What are signal symptoms of tuberculosis? - ✔✔Initially asymptomatic
, Later: productive, prolonged cough
Fatigue
Low-grade fever
Night sweats
Poor appetite
Hemoptysis
Wt loss
Fever/sweats are less common in elderly
Symptoms in elderly are often attributed to other comorbidities
✔✔What is tuberculosis? - ✔✔Chronic, necrotizing infection caused by slow-growing
acid-fast bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
Most common cause of death related to infectious dz worldwide.
✔✔What are signal symptoms of valvular heart dz? - ✔✔Asymptomatic in early stages
Fatigue
Exertional dyspnea
✔✔What is valvular heart dz? - ✔✔Damage to valve(s) of the heart, causing cardiac
dysfunction.
Most prevalent types in elderly: calcific and degenerative aortic valve dz
✔✔What is aortic stenosis? - ✔✔Abnormal narrowing of aortic valve orifice
✔✔What is aortic regurgitation? - ✔✔Retrograde blood flow through incompetent aortic
valve into L ventricle during ventricular diastole
✔✔What is mitral stenosis? - ✔✔Abnormal narrowing of mitral valve orifice
✔✔What is mitral regurgitation? - ✔✔Retrograde blood flow during systole from L
ventricle into L atrium through incompetent mitral valve
✔✔What is mitral valve prolapse? - ✔✔Mitral regurgitation associated with bulging of
one or both mitral valve leaflets into L atrium during ventricular systole
✔✔What are most common causes of VHD in elderly? - ✔✔Age-related degenerative
calcifications
Myxomatous degeneration
Papillary muscle dysfunction
Infective endocarditis
Rheumatic dz
