MMC 3420 LATEST EXAMINERS SET QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔defining observations that can be used to measure the concept
Ex: for measuring kindness: how often do people open doors for others and give to
charity. example: scale. How are you measuring it? - ✔✔Operational definition
✔✔Expand knowledge, increase understanding of principles - ✔✔Basic (academic)
Research
✔✔Answer questions to address practical questions, assist decision-making -
✔✔Applied (private) Research
✔✔Steps in developing research - ✔✔1.Select problem
2.Review literature
3.Develop research questions/hypotheses
4.Determine appropriate research methods
1.Quantitative: enumerating, generalizable
2.Qualitative: unique, text based
5.Collect data
6.Analyze and interpret results
, 7.Present results
8.Replicate study
✔✔How well can the results of the study be generalized to larger settings or
populations.
EX:A study that lacks external validity cannot be projected to another situation; it is valid
only for the sample tested - ✔✔External Validity
✔✔are the study results based on expected conditions and not extraneous variables -
are we measuring what we think we are measuring?
An experiment that is high in internal validity is able to prove that the independent
variable caused the dependent variable and no other variable did
EX: *control over the research conditions - rule out incorrect explanations of results*
The presence of an artifact represents lack of internal validity = the study has failed to
investigate the hypothesis. - ✔✔Internal Validity
✔✔Threats to internal validity: - ✔✔-History
-Maturation
-Testing
-Instrumentation
-Statistical regression
-Experimental Mortality
-Demand characteristics
-Casual time-order
✔✔Did some unanticipated event occur while the experiment was in progress and did
these events affect the dependent variable?
Ex: In a short experiment designed to investigate the effect of computer-based
instruction, Ss missed some instruction because of a power failure at the school. -
✔✔History
✔✔Were changes in the dependent variable due to normal developmental processes
operating within the subject as a function of time?
Ex: The performance of first graders in a learning experiment begins decreasing after
45 minutes because of fatigue. - ✔✔Maturation
✔✔Did the pre-test affect the scores on the post-test?
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔defining observations that can be used to measure the concept
Ex: for measuring kindness: how often do people open doors for others and give to
charity. example: scale. How are you measuring it? - ✔✔Operational definition
✔✔Expand knowledge, increase understanding of principles - ✔✔Basic (academic)
Research
✔✔Answer questions to address practical questions, assist decision-making -
✔✔Applied (private) Research
✔✔Steps in developing research - ✔✔1.Select problem
2.Review literature
3.Develop research questions/hypotheses
4.Determine appropriate research methods
1.Quantitative: enumerating, generalizable
2.Qualitative: unique, text based
5.Collect data
6.Analyze and interpret results
, 7.Present results
8.Replicate study
✔✔How well can the results of the study be generalized to larger settings or
populations.
EX:A study that lacks external validity cannot be projected to another situation; it is valid
only for the sample tested - ✔✔External Validity
✔✔are the study results based on expected conditions and not extraneous variables -
are we measuring what we think we are measuring?
An experiment that is high in internal validity is able to prove that the independent
variable caused the dependent variable and no other variable did
EX: *control over the research conditions - rule out incorrect explanations of results*
The presence of an artifact represents lack of internal validity = the study has failed to
investigate the hypothesis. - ✔✔Internal Validity
✔✔Threats to internal validity: - ✔✔-History
-Maturation
-Testing
-Instrumentation
-Statistical regression
-Experimental Mortality
-Demand characteristics
-Casual time-order
✔✔Did some unanticipated event occur while the experiment was in progress and did
these events affect the dependent variable?
Ex: In a short experiment designed to investigate the effect of computer-based
instruction, Ss missed some instruction because of a power failure at the school. -
✔✔History
✔✔Were changes in the dependent variable due to normal developmental processes
operating within the subject as a function of time?
Ex: The performance of first graders in a learning experiment begins decreasing after
45 minutes because of fatigue. - ✔✔Maturation
✔✔Did the pre-test affect the scores on the post-test?
