TOPIC 5 NSG 318 EXAM QUESTIONS WELL ANSWERED LATEST UPDATE 2026
Rapid eye movement (REM) - Answers When most dreaming occurs and brain activity resembles
wakefulness, supporting memory, learning, and problem-solving
Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) - Answers 75-80% of sleep and includes staged N1 (light sleep), N2
(deeper sleep with slowed body function), and N3 (deep sleep important for physical restoration)
Insomnia - Answers Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early (common more in
females).
Treatment: Sedative-hypnotics (dependence and side effects)
Non-pharmacological management - Answers - Consistent wake time
- Limit naps
- Avoid caffeine/alcohol/nicotine and heavy meals late (6 hrs)
- Use relaxing bedtime routines
Sedatives - Answers Depress the CNS to promote calmness. Lower doses can reduce anxiety and
higher doses can induce sleep
Sedative-hypnotics - Answers Induce sleep/relaxation (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and
nonbenzodiazepines)
Side effects:
- Residual drowsiness
- Vivid dreams, nightmares
- Drug dependence
- Drug tolerance
- Extensive depression
- Respiratory
Kava kava - Answers -Used for relaxation and anxiety
-Adverse effects include liver damage; dry, scaly, yellowing skin; eye irritation, heart problems
- Should not be taken with CNS depressants because it increases sedative effect
Valerian - Answers -Used for insomnia
-When taken with alcohol and other CNS depressants, may increase the sedative effects of the
prescribed drug.
Chamomile - Answers
Epilepsy - Answers Seizure disorder involving sudden, abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that
can be generalized or focal and may cause loss of consciences, unresponsiveness, or involuntary
movement
Causes of seizure disorders - Answers Genetic abnormalities, structural lesions of the brain, infectious
diseases, head trauma, prenatal injury, elevated temperature (febrile) especially in children, stroke or
cerebral vascular disorders.
Anti-seizure drugs - Answers Work by stabilizing neuronal electrical activity to prevent abnormal
discharges from starting or spreading
Anti-seizure drug action - Answers - Blocking sodium channels
- Reducing calcium influx
- Enhancing action of GABA inhibitory effects to decrease neuronal excitability
Anti-seizure drugs and pregnancy - Answers - Seizure episodes increase by 25% in pregnant women
antiseizure drugs are teratogenic
- Inhibit vitamin K
- Increase the loss of folate (folic acid) in pregnant patient
Muscle relaxants - Answers relieve muscle spasms from injury, musculoskeletal problems, or
neurologic conditions by relaxing high muscles and improving comfort and ROM for activity and
therapy
muscle relaxants have a _____ effect - Answers sedative
Avoid muscle relaxants if ____ - Answers Taking CNS depressants (opioids, barbiturates, and alcohol)
Primary anxiety - Answers -not caused by medical condition or drug use
-managed with short-term anxiolytics
Secondary anxiety - Answers -Related to selected drug use, medical or psychiatric conditions
-Medications are not usually given for secondary anxiety
Rapid eye movement (REM) - Answers When most dreaming occurs and brain activity resembles
wakefulness, supporting memory, learning, and problem-solving
Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) - Answers 75-80% of sleep and includes staged N1 (light sleep), N2
(deeper sleep with slowed body function), and N3 (deep sleep important for physical restoration)
Insomnia - Answers Difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early (common more in
females).
Treatment: Sedative-hypnotics (dependence and side effects)
Non-pharmacological management - Answers - Consistent wake time
- Limit naps
- Avoid caffeine/alcohol/nicotine and heavy meals late (6 hrs)
- Use relaxing bedtime routines
Sedatives - Answers Depress the CNS to promote calmness. Lower doses can reduce anxiety and
higher doses can induce sleep
Sedative-hypnotics - Answers Induce sleep/relaxation (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and
nonbenzodiazepines)
Side effects:
- Residual drowsiness
- Vivid dreams, nightmares
- Drug dependence
- Drug tolerance
- Extensive depression
- Respiratory
Kava kava - Answers -Used for relaxation and anxiety
-Adverse effects include liver damage; dry, scaly, yellowing skin; eye irritation, heart problems
- Should not be taken with CNS depressants because it increases sedative effect
Valerian - Answers -Used for insomnia
-When taken with alcohol and other CNS depressants, may increase the sedative effects of the
prescribed drug.
Chamomile - Answers
Epilepsy - Answers Seizure disorder involving sudden, abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that
can be generalized or focal and may cause loss of consciences, unresponsiveness, or involuntary
movement
Causes of seizure disorders - Answers Genetic abnormalities, structural lesions of the brain, infectious
diseases, head trauma, prenatal injury, elevated temperature (febrile) especially in children, stroke or
cerebral vascular disorders.
Anti-seizure drugs - Answers Work by stabilizing neuronal electrical activity to prevent abnormal
discharges from starting or spreading
Anti-seizure drug action - Answers - Blocking sodium channels
- Reducing calcium influx
- Enhancing action of GABA inhibitory effects to decrease neuronal excitability
Anti-seizure drugs and pregnancy - Answers - Seizure episodes increase by 25% in pregnant women
antiseizure drugs are teratogenic
- Inhibit vitamin K
- Increase the loss of folate (folic acid) in pregnant patient
Muscle relaxants - Answers relieve muscle spasms from injury, musculoskeletal problems, or
neurologic conditions by relaxing high muscles and improving comfort and ROM for activity and
therapy
muscle relaxants have a _____ effect - Answers sedative
Avoid muscle relaxants if ____ - Answers Taking CNS depressants (opioids, barbiturates, and alcohol)
Primary anxiety - Answers -not caused by medical condition or drug use
-managed with short-term anxiolytics
Secondary anxiety - Answers -Related to selected drug use, medical or psychiatric conditions
-Medications are not usually given for secondary anxiety
