CVRP MAIN EXAMINATION 2026 SET
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What is the Contiguity Theory (Edwin Guthrie)? - ✔✔all learning is a consequence of
association between a particular stimulus and response
rewards or punishment play no significant role in learning since they
occur after the association between stimulus and response has been made
✔✔What are the general principles of Contiguity Theory? - ✔✔1. In order for
conditioning to occur, the organism must actively respond (i.e. do things).
2. Since learning involves the conditioning of specific movements, instruction must
present
very specific tasks.
3. Exposure to many variations in stimulus patterns is desirable in order to produce a
generalized response.
4. The last response in a learning situation should be correct since it is the one that will
be
associated
,✔✔What is Classical Conditioning ( Ivan Pavlov)? - ✔✔Role antecedents play in
learned behaviour
Conditioning is usually done by pairing the two stimuli
(ie: Dog salivating when hearing a bell as it associated it with food)
- Stimulus generalization
- Extinction - fading of stimulous
- Counter conditioning - coupled countered stimulous
✔✔Two pioneering behaviourists in the United States were? - ✔✔John Watson (known
as the first
American behaviourist) and Joseph Wolpe.
✔✔What is Operant Conditioning (Edward Thorndike)? - ✔✔Skinner's approach was
Operant
Conditioning Theory. The concept of operant conditioning is one of using consequences
to
alter the form and frequency of behaviour, focusing on modifying voluntary behaviour
reinforcement, punishment and extinction
✔✔What two methods of
increasing desirable behaviours are used with Reinforcement theory? - ✔✔Positive
Reinforcement: Give (+) what individuals like when they have performed the
desired behaviour.
Negative Reinforcement: Remove (-) what individuals do not like when they have
performed the desired behaviour.
✔✔What are the two methods of eliminating undesirable behaviours used with the
reinforcement theory? - ✔✔Positive Punishment: Give (+) individuals what they do not
like when they have
performed the undesired behaviour. Positive punishment is what we think of when we
think of a "punishment"
Negative Punishment: Remove (-) what individuals like when they have performed the
undesired behaviour
✔✔What are the Guidelines to ensure effective workplace punishment? - ✔✔Act swiftly
Be Consistant
Suggest alternative behaviours
Utilize the 5 to 1 rule
Punish in private and praise in public
, Punish and reward
✔✔What are the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement? - ✔✔Fixed interval:
Reinforcement is repeated at timely intervals (for example, every 10
seconds).
Variable interval: Reinforcement interval changes (such as reinforcement after 2
seconds, then after 7 seconds, then after 4 seconds and so on).
Fixed ratio: Reinforcement occurs at fixed response intervals (for example, giving
reinforcement after every fifth response).
Variable ratio: Reinforcement happens at a rate tied to the number of responses (the
actual number of responses to each reinforcement, may fluctuate, like payments on a
capped variable rate mortgage, but the ratio, on average, stays constant).
✔✔What are the factors impact both reinforcing and punishing consequences? -
✔✔Satiation refers to the effectiveness of a consequence being reduced when the
source of
the stimulant has satisfied the individual or the individual is not 'hungry' for the
stimulant.
Immediacy refers to the closeness in time that feedback is given to a response. The
more immediate the consequence or feedback, the better the response. For example, a
child fails a test because he played rather than studying his spelling words and does not
learn he failed the test until a week after taking it. He is less likely to associate the poor
study habit with the result than if the tests were graded in class or the information
learned the same day.
Contingency refers to the schedule of reinforcement or level of consistency of delivery
of the consequence following the behaviour consistently over time. If the schedule of
reinforcement is consistent and immediate, the effectiveness is high. If the schedule for
reinforcement is intermittent and distant, the effectiveness of learning may be
decreased;
but if learning was secured during the intermittent reinforcement, extinction is more
difficult to achieve.
Size refers to the determination the individual makes about the consequence (positive
or
negative) about whether or not the behaviour is worth the effort.
✔✔What are the different Operant Conditioning Techniques? - ✔✔Premack Principle -
Students will be more motivated to perform a particular activity if they know that they will
be able to partake of a more desirable activity as a consequence
Flooding Therapy - used to treat phobia and anxiety ( exposure therapy)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What is the Contiguity Theory (Edwin Guthrie)? - ✔✔all learning is a consequence of
association between a particular stimulus and response
rewards or punishment play no significant role in learning since they
occur after the association between stimulus and response has been made
✔✔What are the general principles of Contiguity Theory? - ✔✔1. In order for
conditioning to occur, the organism must actively respond (i.e. do things).
2. Since learning involves the conditioning of specific movements, instruction must
present
very specific tasks.
3. Exposure to many variations in stimulus patterns is desirable in order to produce a
generalized response.
4. The last response in a learning situation should be correct since it is the one that will
be
associated
,✔✔What is Classical Conditioning ( Ivan Pavlov)? - ✔✔Role antecedents play in
learned behaviour
Conditioning is usually done by pairing the two stimuli
(ie: Dog salivating when hearing a bell as it associated it with food)
- Stimulus generalization
- Extinction - fading of stimulous
- Counter conditioning - coupled countered stimulous
✔✔Two pioneering behaviourists in the United States were? - ✔✔John Watson (known
as the first
American behaviourist) and Joseph Wolpe.
✔✔What is Operant Conditioning (Edward Thorndike)? - ✔✔Skinner's approach was
Operant
Conditioning Theory. The concept of operant conditioning is one of using consequences
to
alter the form and frequency of behaviour, focusing on modifying voluntary behaviour
reinforcement, punishment and extinction
✔✔What two methods of
increasing desirable behaviours are used with Reinforcement theory? - ✔✔Positive
Reinforcement: Give (+) what individuals like when they have performed the
desired behaviour.
Negative Reinforcement: Remove (-) what individuals do not like when they have
performed the desired behaviour.
✔✔What are the two methods of eliminating undesirable behaviours used with the
reinforcement theory? - ✔✔Positive Punishment: Give (+) individuals what they do not
like when they have
performed the undesired behaviour. Positive punishment is what we think of when we
think of a "punishment"
Negative Punishment: Remove (-) what individuals like when they have performed the
undesired behaviour
✔✔What are the Guidelines to ensure effective workplace punishment? - ✔✔Act swiftly
Be Consistant
Suggest alternative behaviours
Utilize the 5 to 1 rule
Punish in private and praise in public
, Punish and reward
✔✔What are the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement? - ✔✔Fixed interval:
Reinforcement is repeated at timely intervals (for example, every 10
seconds).
Variable interval: Reinforcement interval changes (such as reinforcement after 2
seconds, then after 7 seconds, then after 4 seconds and so on).
Fixed ratio: Reinforcement occurs at fixed response intervals (for example, giving
reinforcement after every fifth response).
Variable ratio: Reinforcement happens at a rate tied to the number of responses (the
actual number of responses to each reinforcement, may fluctuate, like payments on a
capped variable rate mortgage, but the ratio, on average, stays constant).
✔✔What are the factors impact both reinforcing and punishing consequences? -
✔✔Satiation refers to the effectiveness of a consequence being reduced when the
source of
the stimulant has satisfied the individual or the individual is not 'hungry' for the
stimulant.
Immediacy refers to the closeness in time that feedback is given to a response. The
more immediate the consequence or feedback, the better the response. For example, a
child fails a test because he played rather than studying his spelling words and does not
learn he failed the test until a week after taking it. He is less likely to associate the poor
study habit with the result than if the tests were graded in class or the information
learned the same day.
Contingency refers to the schedule of reinforcement or level of consistency of delivery
of the consequence following the behaviour consistently over time. If the schedule of
reinforcement is consistent and immediate, the effectiveness is high. If the schedule for
reinforcement is intermittent and distant, the effectiveness of learning may be
decreased;
but if learning was secured during the intermittent reinforcement, extinction is more
difficult to achieve.
Size refers to the determination the individual makes about the consequence (positive
or
negative) about whether or not the behaviour is worth the effort.
✔✔What are the different Operant Conditioning Techniques? - ✔✔Premack Principle -
Students will be more motivated to perform a particular activity if they know that they will
be able to partake of a more desirable activity as a consequence
Flooding Therapy - used to treat phobia and anxiety ( exposure therapy)
