NR-283 Complete Pathophysiology (BSN-Level / Walden) – Practice Exam #2: 40 Questions with Rationales

This practice exam covers core pathophysiology concepts including TNF-α in systemic inflammation, missense mutation (alters protein structure), chronic inflammation and cancer risk (persistent cell turnover and DNA damage), irreversible cell injury (mitochondrial damage with membrane rupture), free radical damage (cell membranes and DNA), metabolic acidosis (Kussmaul respirations – deep rapid breathing), hyperkalemia (muscle weakness and dysrhythmias), third spacing (fluid accumulation in interstitial/body cavities), aldosterone (increases sodium and water reabsorption), diarrhea (metabolic acidosis – bicarbonate loss), coronary artery disease (atherosclerotic plaque formation), myocardial ischemia (loss of contractility first), right-sided heart failure (peripheral edema), cardiogenic shock (cardiac pump failure), hypertension (endothelial injury), restrictive lung disease (reduced lung compliance), ARDS (alveolar fluid accumulation), pulmonary embolism (ventilation-perfusion mismatch), respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation), chronic asthma (persistent inflammation leading to airway remodeling), DKA (ketone production and acidosis), insulin deficiency (reduced cellular glucose uptake), Addison disease (cortisol and aldosterone deficiency), hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia), metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance and inflammation), CKD anemia (decreased erythropoietin), nephrotic syndrome (massive proteinuria), hepatic encephalopathy (ammonia accumulation), inflammatory bowel disease (autoimmune-mediated inflammation), iron-deficiency anemia fatigue (reduced oxygen delivery), increased ICP (headache and altered LOC first), Parkinson disease (dopamine loss), Type I hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated), SLE (autoimmune disease), septic shock (uncontrolled inflammatory response).