NUR 5461 Module 5 Quiz – Advanced
Pathophysiology – (2026) Actual
Questions & Answers (William Paterson
University)
Question 1
A patient with a GFR of 15 mL/min has elevated BUN and creatinine. Which stage
of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is this?
A) Stage 2
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 4
D) Stage 5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is defined as GFR 15–29 mL/min. Stage 5 is <15 mL/min
(kidney failure).
Question 2
Which laboratory finding is most consistent with prerenal acute kidney injury
(AKI)?
A) Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) <1%
B) Urine sodium >40 mEq/L
C) Muddy brown casts in urine
D) Eosinophiluria
,Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In prerenal AKI, kidneys retain sodium (FeNa <1%). Intrinsic AKI
shows FeNa >2%. Muddy brown casts suggest acute tubular necrosis.
Question 3
A patient with type 2 diabetes develops microalbuminuria. This indicates:
A) Normal renal function
B) Early diabetic nephropathy
C) End-stage renal disease
D) Urinary tract infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/day) is the earliest clinical sign of
diabetic nephropathy, preceding overt proteinuria and declining GFR.
Question 4
Which finding is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
A) Hematuria and hypertension
B) Proteinuria >3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema
C) Oliguria and azotemia
D) Pyuria and bacteriuria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome features massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia due to increased glomerular permeability.
,Question 5
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis typically presents with:
A) Nephrotic range proteinuria
B) Cola-colored urine, hypertension, periorbital edema
C) Polyuria and nocturia
D) Hypocomplementemia with normal renal function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Poststreptococcal GN presents with acute nephritic syndrome:
hematuria (cola-colored), hypertension, oliguria, and edema. Low C3 complement
is also typical.
Question 6
Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in acute kidney injury?
A) Hyponatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia (K⁺ >5.5 mEq/L) in AKI can cause life-threatening
cardiac arrhythmias and requires immediate intervention.
Question 7
A patient has chronic pyelonephritis. Which finding is expected on urinalysis?
A) White blood cell casts
B) Red blood cell casts
, C) Fatty casts
D) Broad waxy casts
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) causes WBC casts. RBC casts
suggest glomerulonephritis. Broad waxy casts indicate advanced CKD.
Question 8
What is the most common cause of intrinsic renal AKI?
A) Prerenal azotemia
B) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
C) Postrenal obstruction
D) Interstitial nephritis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ATN is the most common cause of intrinsic AKI, often due to ischemia
or nephrotoxins (e.g., aminoglycosides, contrast dye).
Question 9
Which medication is nephrotoxic and commonly causes acute interstitial nephritis?
A) Lisinopril
B) Furosemide
C) NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen)
D) Metformin
Pathophysiology – (2026) Actual
Questions & Answers (William Paterson
University)
Question 1
A patient with a GFR of 15 mL/min has elevated BUN and creatinine. Which stage
of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is this?
A) Stage 2
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 4
D) Stage 5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is defined as GFR 15–29 mL/min. Stage 5 is <15 mL/min
(kidney failure).
Question 2
Which laboratory finding is most consistent with prerenal acute kidney injury
(AKI)?
A) Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) <1%
B) Urine sodium >40 mEq/L
C) Muddy brown casts in urine
D) Eosinophiluria
,Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In prerenal AKI, kidneys retain sodium (FeNa <1%). Intrinsic AKI
shows FeNa >2%. Muddy brown casts suggest acute tubular necrosis.
Question 3
A patient with type 2 diabetes develops microalbuminuria. This indicates:
A) Normal renal function
B) Early diabetic nephropathy
C) End-stage renal disease
D) Urinary tract infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/day) is the earliest clinical sign of
diabetic nephropathy, preceding overt proteinuria and declining GFR.
Question 4
Which finding is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
A) Hematuria and hypertension
B) Proteinuria >3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema
C) Oliguria and azotemia
D) Pyuria and bacteriuria
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome features massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia due to increased glomerular permeability.
,Question 5
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis typically presents with:
A) Nephrotic range proteinuria
B) Cola-colored urine, hypertension, periorbital edema
C) Polyuria and nocturia
D) Hypocomplementemia with normal renal function
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Poststreptococcal GN presents with acute nephritic syndrome:
hematuria (cola-colored), hypertension, oliguria, and edema. Low C3 complement
is also typical.
Question 6
Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning in acute kidney injury?
A) Hyponatremia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypocalcemia
D) Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hyperkalemia (K⁺ >5.5 mEq/L) in AKI can cause life-threatening
cardiac arrhythmias and requires immediate intervention.
Question 7
A patient has chronic pyelonephritis. Which finding is expected on urinalysis?
A) White blood cell casts
B) Red blood cell casts
, C) Fatty casts
D) Broad waxy casts
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) causes WBC casts. RBC casts
suggest glomerulonephritis. Broad waxy casts indicate advanced CKD.
Question 8
What is the most common cause of intrinsic renal AKI?
A) Prerenal azotemia
B) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
C) Postrenal obstruction
D) Interstitial nephritis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: ATN is the most common cause of intrinsic AKI, often due to ischemia
or nephrotoxins (e.g., aminoglycosides, contrast dye).
Question 9
Which medication is nephrotoxic and commonly causes acute interstitial nephritis?
A) Lisinopril
B) Furosemide
C) NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen)
D) Metformin
