APHY 102 FINAL- IVY TECH SUMMER
2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
What changes occur as one's death is near? - correct answer-2
stages of the dying process:
Preactive dying:
May take up to 3 months.
Some are aware, and begin process of accepting their
mortality.
Lose interest in news, friends, conversation, food.
May sleep a lot, may develop problems with swallowing.
Active dying:
Has distinct signs.
Sleeps often, but can be awakened.
What is passive aging? - correct answer-A breakdown of
structures and slowing of functions. At the molecular level, it is
seen in the degeneration of the elastin and collagen proteins of
connective tissues, causing skin to sag and muscle to lose its
firmness.
,How do teratogens affect a growing embryo/fetus? - correct
answer-Teratogens may affect the embryo or fetus in a number
of ways, causing physical malformations, problems in the
behavioral or emotional development of the child, and
decreased intellectual quotient (IQ) in the child.
Differentiate between identical, fraternal, and conjoined twins. -
correct answer-o Identical: only one egg is fertilized but it
divides onto 2 embryos. So they have the same genetic info.
o Fraternal: two separate eggs are fertilized by separate
sperms.
o Conjoined Twins: Conjoined twins develop when an early
embryo only partially separates to form two individuals
How does aging affect the: - correct answer-o Immune system:
Aging weakens overall immune function. The weakened state
of the immune function leaves the elderly vulnerable to
infectious diseases.
o Digestive system: marked by a decrease in peristalsis.
Peristalsis is the contraction of the stomach and intestines that
moves food and waste through the digestive tract. Diminishing
peristalsis can lead to chronic problems such as constipation
and diverticulosis. Problems with peristalsis can also make it
difficult to swallow and digest food. Another effect of aging in
the digestive system is a decreased ability to taste. Less saliva
is produced, and gum disease and loss of teeth can occur
,o Cardiovascular system: the heart becomes far less efficient at
pumping blood. As a result, the output of the heart decreases.
o Urinary System: the kidneys shrink. A decrease in blood flow
to the kidneys diminishes its ability to cleanse the blood stream
of waste. People may experience a loss of muscle control in the
bladder and sphincters, which leads to incontinence and
nocturia. Problems with glucose control could lead to
hyperglycemia.
o Reproductive System:
§ Females: The production of the hormones estrogen and
progesterone decreases. The hormone androgen continues to
be produced, which maintains the libido.
§ Males: experience a decrease in the production of the
hormone testosterone. Having and maintaining an erection
becomes more difficult and, in extreme cases, can lead to
impotence. The testes decrease as well as sperm count
o Respiratory System: marked by a decrease in the exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This decrease leads to a
reduction in the amount of oxygen in the blood. Irregular activity
quickly leaves the elderly breathless. And the elderly are at
much greater risk of respiratory disease.
, What is an allele? Gene? Chromosome? - correct answer-o
Allele: An allele is one of a pair of genes that appear at a
particular location on a particular chromosome and control the
same characteristic
o Gene: basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in
DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product,
either RNA or protein. During gene expression, the DNA is first
copied into RNA
o Chromosome: a thread-like structure made up of DNA.
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of each cell
What is a karyotype? - correct answer-o Karyotype: chart
displaying 23 chromosome pairs in size order
o This normal karyotype shows 23 pairs of chromosomes:
o Pairs 1-22 are autosomes , which determine traits, but not
sex.
o Pair 23 is the sex chromosome (XX female, XY male).
Define: heterozygous versus homozygous, dominant versus
recessive, phenotype versus genotype, incomplete versus
codominance - correct answer-o Heterozygous vs
Homozygous: Heterozygous is having two different alleles and
Homozygous is having two identical alleles of a gene
o Dominant vs Recessive: When an allele is dominant, the
characteristic it is connected to will be expressed in an
2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
What changes occur as one's death is near? - correct answer-2
stages of the dying process:
Preactive dying:
May take up to 3 months.
Some are aware, and begin process of accepting their
mortality.
Lose interest in news, friends, conversation, food.
May sleep a lot, may develop problems with swallowing.
Active dying:
Has distinct signs.
Sleeps often, but can be awakened.
What is passive aging? - correct answer-A breakdown of
structures and slowing of functions. At the molecular level, it is
seen in the degeneration of the elastin and collagen proteins of
connective tissues, causing skin to sag and muscle to lose its
firmness.
,How do teratogens affect a growing embryo/fetus? - correct
answer-Teratogens may affect the embryo or fetus in a number
of ways, causing physical malformations, problems in the
behavioral or emotional development of the child, and
decreased intellectual quotient (IQ) in the child.
Differentiate between identical, fraternal, and conjoined twins. -
correct answer-o Identical: only one egg is fertilized but it
divides onto 2 embryos. So they have the same genetic info.
o Fraternal: two separate eggs are fertilized by separate
sperms.
o Conjoined Twins: Conjoined twins develop when an early
embryo only partially separates to form two individuals
How does aging affect the: - correct answer-o Immune system:
Aging weakens overall immune function. The weakened state
of the immune function leaves the elderly vulnerable to
infectious diseases.
o Digestive system: marked by a decrease in peristalsis.
Peristalsis is the contraction of the stomach and intestines that
moves food and waste through the digestive tract. Diminishing
peristalsis can lead to chronic problems such as constipation
and diverticulosis. Problems with peristalsis can also make it
difficult to swallow and digest food. Another effect of aging in
the digestive system is a decreased ability to taste. Less saliva
is produced, and gum disease and loss of teeth can occur
,o Cardiovascular system: the heart becomes far less efficient at
pumping blood. As a result, the output of the heart decreases.
o Urinary System: the kidneys shrink. A decrease in blood flow
to the kidneys diminishes its ability to cleanse the blood stream
of waste. People may experience a loss of muscle control in the
bladder and sphincters, which leads to incontinence and
nocturia. Problems with glucose control could lead to
hyperglycemia.
o Reproductive System:
§ Females: The production of the hormones estrogen and
progesterone decreases. The hormone androgen continues to
be produced, which maintains the libido.
§ Males: experience a decrease in the production of the
hormone testosterone. Having and maintaining an erection
becomes more difficult and, in extreme cases, can lead to
impotence. The testes decrease as well as sperm count
o Respiratory System: marked by a decrease in the exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This decrease leads to a
reduction in the amount of oxygen in the blood. Irregular activity
quickly leaves the elderly breathless. And the elderly are at
much greater risk of respiratory disease.
, What is an allele? Gene? Chromosome? - correct answer-o
Allele: An allele is one of a pair of genes that appear at a
particular location on a particular chromosome and control the
same characteristic
o Gene: basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in
DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product,
either RNA or protein. During gene expression, the DNA is first
copied into RNA
o Chromosome: a thread-like structure made up of DNA.
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of each cell
What is a karyotype? - correct answer-o Karyotype: chart
displaying 23 chromosome pairs in size order
o This normal karyotype shows 23 pairs of chromosomes:
o Pairs 1-22 are autosomes , which determine traits, but not
sex.
o Pair 23 is the sex chromosome (XX female, XY male).
Define: heterozygous versus homozygous, dominant versus
recessive, phenotype versus genotype, incomplete versus
codominance - correct answer-o Heterozygous vs
Homozygous: Heterozygous is having two different alleles and
Homozygous is having two identical alleles of a gene
o Dominant vs Recessive: When an allele is dominant, the
characteristic it is connected to will be expressed in an
