INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT MANAGING
ACROSS BORDERS AND CULTURES 2026
ACTUAL TEST PAPER QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED COMPLETE STUDY PACKAGE
◉ Globalization.
Answer: can be conceptualized as the unification of countries,
economies, technology and money which allows the individuals, the
companies and the governments to develop faster, cheaper and more
effective than it was possible before
Also presents an image of paradigm shift in politics and businesses
T]he inexorable integration of markets, capital, nation states, and
technologies in ways that allow individuals, groups, corporations,
and countries to reach around the world farther, faster, more deeply,
and more cheaply than ever before'
A stretching of social relations,
An increased density of interaction,
An interpenetration of social and economic practices;
Facilitated by an increasingly transnational infrastructure
,◉ 3 Phases of Globalization.
Answer: 1. (1400s-1900s): the globalization of countries, an
example of this being colonies
2. (20th Century): the age of the companies; many firms went global
3. (currently, 21st Century): globalization began to reach individuals,
mainly because of the enormous number of people that have access
to the World Wide Web!
◉ Global Workflow.
Answer: because of globalization and fast and cheaper
telecommunications, companies are able to create this, where
quality can be reached at lower costs through outsourcing
◉ Main Drivers for Globalization.
Answer: -Higher customer demand and contact with competing
products
-Higher Innovation and Application of Technology
-Increasing power of new markets
-Shared Research and Development and global sourcing: outsourcing
has become the rule instead of the exception
-The capital markets have become more interdependent
-Governments are supporting local producers/companies to go
global. Trade barriers are decreasing
,◉ Dark side of the Global Landscape.
Answer: Huge amount of conflicts with suppliers and distributers, a
lack of trust, ever growing costs, personal stress.
Main reason for this can be found in the cultural differences and
conflicts between partners
◉ Three main changes can be identified in the global environment:.
Answer: -The evolution from intermittent to continual change
-From isolation to increasing interconnectedness
-From biculturalism to multiculturalism
◉ Positivism.
Answer: Hypothetico-deductive model (preferably quantitative)
Both natural and social reality are ruled by causal laws, that are
valid irrespective of our knowledge of them.
Social science must follow the example of the natural sciences to
discover the laws of human behavior and (inter)action.
The truth of scientific knowledge does not depend on its recognition
by people. Nature doesn't care what we believe or do not believe.
, ◉ Social Construction.
Answer: Interpretive (hermeneutic) model (largely qualitative)
Social reality is to a large extent the product of the meaning we
bestow on it. We 'enact' our world views in our behavior.
Therefore social reality is not objective but intersubjective; it reflects
our shared fantasies.
Social science tries to capture the sense making work (the
vocabulary) people engage in to justify their behavior. Something
can only be true within the context of such vocabularies.
◉ Evolutionism.
Answer: (19th Century, Colonial Expansion)(Tylor, Spencer)::
ethnocentric, determinism, social Darwinism; based on 'armchair
research', data supplied by amateur-adventurers
◉ Structural Functionism.
Answer: (1900-60 UK, Maintenance of Colonial Power)(Malinowsky,
Evans-Pritchard): focus on institutions & social organization through
kinship structures, emphasis on stability & tradition (anti-
ACROSS BORDERS AND CULTURES 2026
ACTUAL TEST PAPER QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED COMPLETE STUDY PACKAGE
◉ Globalization.
Answer: can be conceptualized as the unification of countries,
economies, technology and money which allows the individuals, the
companies and the governments to develop faster, cheaper and more
effective than it was possible before
Also presents an image of paradigm shift in politics and businesses
T]he inexorable integration of markets, capital, nation states, and
technologies in ways that allow individuals, groups, corporations,
and countries to reach around the world farther, faster, more deeply,
and more cheaply than ever before'
A stretching of social relations,
An increased density of interaction,
An interpenetration of social and economic practices;
Facilitated by an increasingly transnational infrastructure
,◉ 3 Phases of Globalization.
Answer: 1. (1400s-1900s): the globalization of countries, an
example of this being colonies
2. (20th Century): the age of the companies; many firms went global
3. (currently, 21st Century): globalization began to reach individuals,
mainly because of the enormous number of people that have access
to the World Wide Web!
◉ Global Workflow.
Answer: because of globalization and fast and cheaper
telecommunications, companies are able to create this, where
quality can be reached at lower costs through outsourcing
◉ Main Drivers for Globalization.
Answer: -Higher customer demand and contact with competing
products
-Higher Innovation and Application of Technology
-Increasing power of new markets
-Shared Research and Development and global sourcing: outsourcing
has become the rule instead of the exception
-The capital markets have become more interdependent
-Governments are supporting local producers/companies to go
global. Trade barriers are decreasing
,◉ Dark side of the Global Landscape.
Answer: Huge amount of conflicts with suppliers and distributers, a
lack of trust, ever growing costs, personal stress.
Main reason for this can be found in the cultural differences and
conflicts between partners
◉ Three main changes can be identified in the global environment:.
Answer: -The evolution from intermittent to continual change
-From isolation to increasing interconnectedness
-From biculturalism to multiculturalism
◉ Positivism.
Answer: Hypothetico-deductive model (preferably quantitative)
Both natural and social reality are ruled by causal laws, that are
valid irrespective of our knowledge of them.
Social science must follow the example of the natural sciences to
discover the laws of human behavior and (inter)action.
The truth of scientific knowledge does not depend on its recognition
by people. Nature doesn't care what we believe or do not believe.
, ◉ Social Construction.
Answer: Interpretive (hermeneutic) model (largely qualitative)
Social reality is to a large extent the product of the meaning we
bestow on it. We 'enact' our world views in our behavior.
Therefore social reality is not objective but intersubjective; it reflects
our shared fantasies.
Social science tries to capture the sense making work (the
vocabulary) people engage in to justify their behavior. Something
can only be true within the context of such vocabularies.
◉ Evolutionism.
Answer: (19th Century, Colonial Expansion)(Tylor, Spencer)::
ethnocentric, determinism, social Darwinism; based on 'armchair
research', data supplied by amateur-adventurers
◉ Structural Functionism.
Answer: (1900-60 UK, Maintenance of Colonial Power)(Malinowsky,
Evans-Pritchard): focus on institutions & social organization through
kinship structures, emphasis on stability & tradition (anti-
