FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES FINAL EXAM PREPARATION 2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES FINAL EXAM
PREPARATION 2026 ACCURATE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

●● Extracellular Fluid (ECF). Answer: Fluid outside the cells, includes
interstitial fluid, plasma/vascular fluid, and other small compartments.
Major electrolytes: Sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl).


●● Diffusion. Answer: Movement from high to low concentration.
Passive diffusion requires no carrier.


●● Facilitated diffusion. Answer: Uses carrier proteins (example:
glucose).


●● Osmosis. Answer: Movement of water across membranes from low
solute to high solute concentration. Water follows sodium.


●● Active Transport. Answer: Movement against concentration gradient
using energy. Example: Sodium-Potassium pump.


●● Hydrostatic Pressure. Answer: Push force that moves fluid out of
vessels.

, ●● Oncotic Pressure. Answer: Pull force created by proteins that pulls
fluid into vessels.


●● First Spacing. Answer: Normal distribution between ICF and ECF.


●● Second Spacing. Answer: Abnormal increase of fluid in interstitial
space (edema).


●● Third Spacing. Answer: Fluid trapped in nonfunctional spaces such
as burns, ascites, or trauma.


●● Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). Answer: Released when blood volume
is low or osmolality is high. Causes kidneys to retain water and decrease
urine output.


●● Aldosterone. Answer: Retains sodium and water while excreting
potassium.


●● RAAS System. Answer: Activated when renal perfusion or sodium
levels decrease, leading to increased sodium retention and increased
blood pressure.


●● Hypovolemia. Answer: Loss of water and sodium. Causes include
vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, burns, third spacing, and inadequate
intake.