NUR 5461 Module 5 Quiz – Advanced Pathophysiology (2026) Actual Questions & Answers William Paterson University

NUR 5461 Module 5 Quiz – Advanced
Pathophysiology (2026) Actual Questions
& Answers William Paterson University

Question 1
A patient with a GFR of 15 mL/min has elevated BUN and creatinine. Which stage
of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is this?
A) Stage 2
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 4
D) Stage 5
Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is defined as GFR 15–29 mL/min. Stage 5 is <15 mL/min
(kidney failure).


Question 2
Which laboratory finding is most consistent with prerenal acute kidney injury
(AKI)?
A) Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) <1%
B) Urine sodium >40 mEq/L
C) Muddy brown casts in urine
D) Eosinophilia
Rationale: In prerenal AKI, kidneys retain sodium (FeNa <1%). Intrinsic AKI
shows FeNa >2%.


Question 3
A patient with type 2 diabetes develops microalbuminuria. This indicates:
A) Normal renal function
B) Early diabetic nephropathy

,C) End-stage renal disease
D) Urinary tract infection
Rationale: Microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/day) is the earliest clinical sign of
diabetic nephropathy.


Question 4
Which finding is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
A) Hematuria and hypertension
B) Proteinuria >3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema
C) Oliguria and azotemia
D) Pyuria and bacteriuria
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome features massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,
edema, and hyperlipidemia.


Question 5
A patient with acute pyelonephritis is most likely to have which urinary finding?
A) WBC casts
B) RBC casts
C) Fatty casts
D) Broad waxy casts
Rationale: Pyelonephritis causes WBC casts. RBC casts suggest
glomerulonephritis.


Question 6
What is the most common cause of intrinsic renal AKI?
A) Prerenal azotemia
B) Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
C) Postrenal obstruction
D) Interstitial nephritis
Rationale: ATN is the most common cause of intrinsic AKI, often due to ischemia
or nephrotoxins.

,Question 7
Which medication is nephrotoxic and commonly causes acute interstitial nephritis?
A) Lisinopril
B) Furosemide
C) NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen)
D) Metformin
Rationale: NSAIDs can cause acute interstitial nephritis, especially with
prolonged use.


Question 8
A patient with heart failure develops progressive dyspnea, jugular venous
distention, and peripheral edema. Which pathophysiological mechanism is
primarily responsible?
A) Decreased afterload
B) Increased preload
C) Decreased systemic vascular resistance
D) Increased contractility
Rationale: Heart failure leads to increased preload due to fluid retention and
decreased cardiac output.


Question 9
In left-sided heart failure, which finding is most indicative of pulmonary
congestion?
A) Hepatomegaly
B) Crackles on auscultation
C) Ascites
D) Jugular venous distention
Rationale: Left-sided failure causes fluid backup into the lungs, resulting in
crackles.

, Question 10
Which compensatory mechanism in heart failure initially increases cardiac output
but eventually worsens the condition?
A) RAAS activation
B) Parasympathetic stimulation
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Vasodilation
Rationale: RAAS initially increases preload but leads to fluid overload and
worsening failure.


Question 11
A patient presents with sudden-onset severe headache, blurred vision, and blood
pressure 220/120 mmHg. Which diagnosis is most likely?
A) Orthostatic hypotension
B) Hypertensive emergency
C) Migraine with aura
D) Benign hypertension
Rationale: Hypertensive emergency involves severe BP elevation with end-organ
damage.


Question 12
Which lab finding is consistent with cardiogenic shock?
A) Elevated troponin
B) Low BNP
C) High mixed venous oxygen saturation
D) Low lactate
Rationale: Cardiogenic shock often shows elevated troponin due to myocardial
injury.


Question 13