PATH 1000 REVIEW EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Ishchemia - ✔✔Reduced blood supply
✔✔anoxia - ✔✔total lack of oxygen
✔✔chemical injury - ✔✔Ex.) carbon monoxide poisoning or lead poisoning
✔✔reperfusion injury - ✔✔White blood cells effected
✔✔asphyxial injuries - ✔✔caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
✔✔Sufforcation - ✔✔O2 fails to reach blood
✔✔strangulation - ✔✔Compression or closure
Types
Hanging- v mark on neck
Choking- and obstruction
Ligature- victim struggles, marks on neck
Manual- clawing at neck to escape or remove hands
✔✔Drowning - ✔✔Inhale fluid
✔✔infectious injury - ✔✔Invade and distort cells, produce toxins, produce damaging
hypersensitivity reactions
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔programmed cell death
, ✔✔Coagulative necrosis - ✔✔Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal
glands, cell death that's commonly caused by hypoxia caused by chemical injury
✔✔liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔Injury to cells of brain, maybe from bacterial infection
✔✔Caceous necrosis - ✔✔Usually results from pulmonary infection
✔✔Gangrenous necrosis - ✔✔Hypoxic injury from arteriosclerosis blockage of major
arteries particularly in lower legs
✔✔intracellular fluid - ✔✔fluid inside cells
✔✔extracellular fluid - ✔✔fluid outside cells
✔✔edema - ✔✔-Extra accumulation fluid
-Swelling, weight gain, pitting in skin, blood flow may be effected, puffiness, tight fitting
clothing, over bony prominences
- compression socks
-reduces salt intake
-diaretics
✔✔hypotonic alterations - ✔✔Sodium deficiency or water excess, Water moves inside
cell causes extra cellular fluid to decrease, leads to cell swelling and over hydration,
✔✔Hypervolemia - ✔✔Greater sodium level, renal impairment, heart failure,
gastrointestinal losses
✔✔Hypovolemia - ✔✔Loss of sodium and water, a failure of kidneys to concentrate
urine
✔✔Hypernatremia - ✔✔increased sodium, dehydration, thirst, weight gain, high BP,
muscle twitching, needs oral fluid or IV (given slowly to prevent edema)
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Decreased sodium, edema, confusion, seizures, nausea,
vomiting
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔High potassium, cramping, diarrhea, restlessness
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔low potassium, weakness, cardiac dysrhythmia
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔excessive calcium in the blood, fatigue, weakness, anorexia,
nausea, impaired renal function
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔deficient calcium in the blood, muscle spasms, cramping
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Ishchemia - ✔✔Reduced blood supply
✔✔anoxia - ✔✔total lack of oxygen
✔✔chemical injury - ✔✔Ex.) carbon monoxide poisoning or lead poisoning
✔✔reperfusion injury - ✔✔White blood cells effected
✔✔asphyxial injuries - ✔✔caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
✔✔Sufforcation - ✔✔O2 fails to reach blood
✔✔strangulation - ✔✔Compression or closure
Types
Hanging- v mark on neck
Choking- and obstruction
Ligature- victim struggles, marks on neck
Manual- clawing at neck to escape or remove hands
✔✔Drowning - ✔✔Inhale fluid
✔✔infectious injury - ✔✔Invade and distort cells, produce toxins, produce damaging
hypersensitivity reactions
✔✔Apoptosis - ✔✔programmed cell death
, ✔✔Coagulative necrosis - ✔✔Occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal
glands, cell death that's commonly caused by hypoxia caused by chemical injury
✔✔liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔Injury to cells of brain, maybe from bacterial infection
✔✔Caceous necrosis - ✔✔Usually results from pulmonary infection
✔✔Gangrenous necrosis - ✔✔Hypoxic injury from arteriosclerosis blockage of major
arteries particularly in lower legs
✔✔intracellular fluid - ✔✔fluid inside cells
✔✔extracellular fluid - ✔✔fluid outside cells
✔✔edema - ✔✔-Extra accumulation fluid
-Swelling, weight gain, pitting in skin, blood flow may be effected, puffiness, tight fitting
clothing, over bony prominences
- compression socks
-reduces salt intake
-diaretics
✔✔hypotonic alterations - ✔✔Sodium deficiency or water excess, Water moves inside
cell causes extra cellular fluid to decrease, leads to cell swelling and over hydration,
✔✔Hypervolemia - ✔✔Greater sodium level, renal impairment, heart failure,
gastrointestinal losses
✔✔Hypovolemia - ✔✔Loss of sodium and water, a failure of kidneys to concentrate
urine
✔✔Hypernatremia - ✔✔increased sodium, dehydration, thirst, weight gain, high BP,
muscle twitching, needs oral fluid or IV (given slowly to prevent edema)
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Decreased sodium, edema, confusion, seizures, nausea,
vomiting
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔High potassium, cramping, diarrhea, restlessness
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔low potassium, weakness, cardiac dysrhythmia
✔✔Hypercalcemia - ✔✔excessive calcium in the blood, fatigue, weakness, anorexia,
nausea, impaired renal function
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔deficient calcium in the blood, muscle spasms, cramping
