PATH 1000 STUDY 2026 EXAM GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Define bronchiectasis. - ✔✔A condition characterized by chronic inflammation and
permanent dilation of the bronchi.
✔✔What is bronchiolitis? - ✔✔Diffuse inflammatory obstruction of bronchioles, often
linked to viral infections.
✔✔What is atelectasis? - ✔✔Collapse of lung tissue due to various causes, classified
into compression, absorption, and surfactant impairment.
✔✔What is pulmonary fibrosis? - ✔✔Excessive fibrous tissue in the lungs, often
idiopathic, leading to decreased lung compliance.
✔✔What is pulmonary edema? - ✔✔Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli,
commonly caused by left-sided heart failure.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema? - ✔✔Dyspnea,
hypoxemia, inspiratory crackles, and in severe cases, frothy pink sputum.
✔✔What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? - ✔✔A medical emergency
associated with acute lung inflammation and impaired gas exchange.
✔✔What is the primary cause of severe hypoxemia in ARDS? - ✔✔Massive pulmonary
inflammation leading to shunting and V/Q mismatch.
✔✔What occurs during the exudative phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Initial injury activates
inflammation, causing damage to the alveolocapillary membrane and increased
capillary permeability.
, ✔✔What happens to surfactant during the exudative phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Surfactant is
inactivated, leading to pulmonary edema and increased work of breathing.
✔✔What characterizes the proliferative phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Resolution of pulmonary
edema and proliferation of reconstructive cells, forming granulation tissue.
✔✔What is a significant outcome of the fibrotic phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Progressive
fibrosis and tissue remodeling lead to destruction of alveoli and bronchioles.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of ARDS? - ✔✔Dyspnea, hypoxemia,
hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, and potential death.
✔✔How does SARS-CoV-2 contribute to ARDS? - ✔✔It binds to ACE2 receptors,
inhibiting regulatory effects and increasing inflammation and lung injury.
✔✔What are obstructive disorders in respiratory pathology? - ✔✔Conditions like
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema that affect expiration and present with
dyspnea.
✔✔What is the pathophysiology of asthma? - ✔✔Chronic inflammation leads to
bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways, and reversible airway
obstruction.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of asthma? - ✔✔Wheezing, chest tightness,
increased mucus production, and anxiety.
✔✔What defines chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔A clinical diagnosis of chronic productive
cough for 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years.
✔✔What is the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? -
✔✔Chronic bronchitis and its associated airway changes.
✔✔What is emphysema characterized by? - ✔✔Irreversible destruction of alveolar walls
leading to air trapping and increased residual volume.
✔✔What is flail chest? - ✔✔Instability of the chest wall caused by fractures of multiple
ribs or a fractured sternum.
✔✔What is a pneumothorax? - ✔✔Air or gas in the pleural space caused by rupture of
the visceral or parietal pleura.
✔✔What are the types of pneumothorax? - ✔✔Primary (spontaneous), secondary
(chest trauma), and iatrogenic (medical treatments).
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Define bronchiectasis. - ✔✔A condition characterized by chronic inflammation and
permanent dilation of the bronchi.
✔✔What is bronchiolitis? - ✔✔Diffuse inflammatory obstruction of bronchioles, often
linked to viral infections.
✔✔What is atelectasis? - ✔✔Collapse of lung tissue due to various causes, classified
into compression, absorption, and surfactant impairment.
✔✔What is pulmonary fibrosis? - ✔✔Excessive fibrous tissue in the lungs, often
idiopathic, leading to decreased lung compliance.
✔✔What is pulmonary edema? - ✔✔Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the alveoli,
commonly caused by left-sided heart failure.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema? - ✔✔Dyspnea,
hypoxemia, inspiratory crackles, and in severe cases, frothy pink sputum.
✔✔What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? - ✔✔A medical emergency
associated with acute lung inflammation and impaired gas exchange.
✔✔What is the primary cause of severe hypoxemia in ARDS? - ✔✔Massive pulmonary
inflammation leading to shunting and V/Q mismatch.
✔✔What occurs during the exudative phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Initial injury activates
inflammation, causing damage to the alveolocapillary membrane and increased
capillary permeability.
, ✔✔What happens to surfactant during the exudative phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Surfactant is
inactivated, leading to pulmonary edema and increased work of breathing.
✔✔What characterizes the proliferative phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Resolution of pulmonary
edema and proliferation of reconstructive cells, forming granulation tissue.
✔✔What is a significant outcome of the fibrotic phase of ARDS? - ✔✔Progressive
fibrosis and tissue remodeling lead to destruction of alveoli and bronchioles.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of ARDS? - ✔✔Dyspnea, hypoxemia,
hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, and potential death.
✔✔How does SARS-CoV-2 contribute to ARDS? - ✔✔It binds to ACE2 receptors,
inhibiting regulatory effects and increasing inflammation and lung injury.
✔✔What are obstructive disorders in respiratory pathology? - ✔✔Conditions like
asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema that affect expiration and present with
dyspnea.
✔✔What is the pathophysiology of asthma? - ✔✔Chronic inflammation leads to
bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways, and reversible airway
obstruction.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of asthma? - ✔✔Wheezing, chest tightness,
increased mucus production, and anxiety.
✔✔What defines chronic bronchitis? - ✔✔A clinical diagnosis of chronic productive
cough for 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years.
✔✔What is the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? -
✔✔Chronic bronchitis and its associated airway changes.
✔✔What is emphysema characterized by? - ✔✔Irreversible destruction of alveolar walls
leading to air trapping and increased residual volume.
✔✔What is flail chest? - ✔✔Instability of the chest wall caused by fractures of multiple
ribs or a fractured sternum.
✔✔What is a pneumothorax? - ✔✔Air or gas in the pleural space caused by rupture of
the visceral or parietal pleura.
✔✔What are the types of pneumothorax? - ✔✔Primary (spontaneous), secondary
(chest trauma), and iatrogenic (medical treatments).
