PATH 1000 FINAL EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the two classifications of amenorrhea? - ✔✔Primary and Secondary
amenorrhea.
✔✔What is primary amenorrhea? - ✔✔The absence of menstruation due to anatomical
defects, genetic disorders, or disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.
✔✔What is secondary amenorrhea? - ✔✔The absence of menstruation for 3 or more
cycles in women who previously menstruated, commonly caused by pregnancy,
lactation, or perimenopause.
✔✔What is primary dysmenorrhea? - ✔✔Painful menstruation not associated with pelvic
disease, affecting 50% of women.
✔✔What causes primary dysmenorrhea? - ✔✔Increased prostaglandin production
leading to myometrial stimulation and uterine hypercontractility.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of primary dysmenorrhea? - ✔✔Pelvic pain,
groin pain, backache, anorexia, vomiting, syncope, and headache.
✔✔What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding? - ✔✔Heavy or irregular bleeding not related
to a disease process, often due to lack of ovulation.
✔✔What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? - ✔✔An endocrine disturbance
characterized by anovulation, amenorrhea, and hirsutism, leading to infertility.
✔✔What hormonal changes are associated with PCOS? - ✔✔Increased testosterone,
estrogen, and LH, and decreased FSH.
, ✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of PCOS? - ✔✔Dysfunctional uterine bleeding,
amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, and infertility.
✔✔What are benign ovarian cysts? - ✔✔Fluid-filled sacs that occur during the
reproductive years, often due to hormonal imbalances.
✔✔What are follicular cysts? - ✔✔Cysts that occur when a follicle is stimulated by FSH
but fails to mature and produce an ovum.
✔✔What are the symptoms of corpus luteum cysts? - ✔✔Pelvic pain, bloating, breast
tenderness, and heavy or irregular menses; can cause massive bleeding if ruptured.
✔✔What is endometriosis? - ✔✔Ectopic growth of endometrial tissue that responds to
hormonal stimulation, causing pain and infertility.
✔✔What are common sexually transmitted infections affecting the genitourinary
system? - ✔✔Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis.
✔✔What is the pathogen responsible for Gonorrhea? - ✔✔Gram-negative cocci that
attach to cell walls in the endocervical canal.
✔✔What percentage of women develop Gonorrhea if their male partner is infected? -
✔✔50-80% chance of development.
✔✔What is Chlamydia known for? - ✔✔Being asymptomatic in 90% of cases and
having a cytopathic effect on cells.
✔✔What are the stages of Syphilis? - ✔✔Primary (chancre), Secondary (malar rash),
Latent (no symptoms), and Tertiary (serious complications).
✔✔What is varicocele? - ✔✔Abnormal dilation of testicular veins leading to blood
pooling, which can contribute to infertility.
✔✔What is torsion of the testes? - ✔✔Sudden twisting of the spermatic cord, resulting
in ischemia and scrotal swelling and pain.
✔✔What is epididymitis? - ✔✔Inflammation of the epididymis, often caused by an STI,
leading to acute pain and possible urethral discharge.
✔✔What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)? - ✔✔Enlargement of the prostate
starting around 40-45 years of age, leading to urethral compression.
✔✔What is the pathogenesis of BPH? - ✔✔Aging alters growth factor balance, leading
to increased prostatic volume and local hypoxia.
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the two classifications of amenorrhea? - ✔✔Primary and Secondary
amenorrhea.
✔✔What is primary amenorrhea? - ✔✔The absence of menstruation due to anatomical
defects, genetic disorders, or disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus.
✔✔What is secondary amenorrhea? - ✔✔The absence of menstruation for 3 or more
cycles in women who previously menstruated, commonly caused by pregnancy,
lactation, or perimenopause.
✔✔What is primary dysmenorrhea? - ✔✔Painful menstruation not associated with pelvic
disease, affecting 50% of women.
✔✔What causes primary dysmenorrhea? - ✔✔Increased prostaglandin production
leading to myometrial stimulation and uterine hypercontractility.
✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of primary dysmenorrhea? - ✔✔Pelvic pain,
groin pain, backache, anorexia, vomiting, syncope, and headache.
✔✔What is dysfunctional uterine bleeding? - ✔✔Heavy or irregular bleeding not related
to a disease process, often due to lack of ovulation.
✔✔What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)? - ✔✔An endocrine disturbance
characterized by anovulation, amenorrhea, and hirsutism, leading to infertility.
✔✔What hormonal changes are associated with PCOS? - ✔✔Increased testosterone,
estrogen, and LH, and decreased FSH.
, ✔✔What are the clinical manifestations of PCOS? - ✔✔Dysfunctional uterine bleeding,
amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, and infertility.
✔✔What are benign ovarian cysts? - ✔✔Fluid-filled sacs that occur during the
reproductive years, often due to hormonal imbalances.
✔✔What are follicular cysts? - ✔✔Cysts that occur when a follicle is stimulated by FSH
but fails to mature and produce an ovum.
✔✔What are the symptoms of corpus luteum cysts? - ✔✔Pelvic pain, bloating, breast
tenderness, and heavy or irregular menses; can cause massive bleeding if ruptured.
✔✔What is endometriosis? - ✔✔Ectopic growth of endometrial tissue that responds to
hormonal stimulation, causing pain and infertility.
✔✔What are common sexually transmitted infections affecting the genitourinary
system? - ✔✔Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis.
✔✔What is the pathogen responsible for Gonorrhea? - ✔✔Gram-negative cocci that
attach to cell walls in the endocervical canal.
✔✔What percentage of women develop Gonorrhea if their male partner is infected? -
✔✔50-80% chance of development.
✔✔What is Chlamydia known for? - ✔✔Being asymptomatic in 90% of cases and
having a cytopathic effect on cells.
✔✔What are the stages of Syphilis? - ✔✔Primary (chancre), Secondary (malar rash),
Latent (no symptoms), and Tertiary (serious complications).
✔✔What is varicocele? - ✔✔Abnormal dilation of testicular veins leading to blood
pooling, which can contribute to infertility.
✔✔What is torsion of the testes? - ✔✔Sudden twisting of the spermatic cord, resulting
in ischemia and scrotal swelling and pain.
✔✔What is epididymitis? - ✔✔Inflammation of the epididymis, often caused by an STI,
leading to acute pain and possible urethral discharge.
✔✔What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)? - ✔✔Enlargement of the prostate
starting around 40-45 years of age, leading to urethral compression.
✔✔What is the pathogenesis of BPH? - ✔✔Aging alters growth factor balance, leading
to increased prostatic volume and local hypoxia.
