PATH 1000 CORE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the classifications of acute kidney injury? - ✔✔Prerenal injury, intrarenal
injury, and post-renal injury.
✔✔What is the most common cause of prerenal injury? - ✔✔Conditions that cause
hypo-perfusion, such as hypovolemia, hemorrhage, or septic shock.
✔✔What is the most common cause of intrarenal injury? - ✔✔Acute tubular necrosis
from ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs.
✔✔What are the phases of acute kidney injury? - ✔✔Initiation phase, oliguric phase,
and recovery/polyuric phase.
✔✔What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)? - ✔✔Gradual, irreversible destruction of the
kidneys.
✔✔What are common systemic effects of chronic kidney disease? - ✔✔Hypertension,
dysrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, edema, and heart failure.
✔✔What are the main functions of bones? - ✔✔Mechanical (strength & framework),
Metabolic (mineral content), Hematopoietic (formation of blood cells)
✔✔What can affect the musculoskeletal system? - ✔✔Disease, infection, genetics, or
mechanical stressors
✔✔What are common musculoskeletal alterations? - ✔✔Sprains, strains, osteoporosis,
osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis,
rhabdomyolysis, fibromyalgia
, ✔✔Define a strain. - ✔✔Injury to a muscle or tendon, usually occurring in hands, feet,
knee, biceps, ankle, or heel.
✔✔Define a sprain. - ✔✔Injury to a ligament, most commonly occurring in wrists, elbow,
knee, or ankle.
✔✔What are the classifications of sprains and strains? - ✔✔1st degree (mild), 2nd
degree (moderate), 3rd degree (severe)
✔✔What characterizes 1st degree sprains? - ✔✔Fibers are stretched, muscle or joint
remains stable.
✔✔What characterizes 2nd degree sprains? - ✔✔More tearing of tendon or ligament,
muscle weakness, and joint instability.
✔✔What characterizes 3rd degree sprains? - ✔✔Inability to contract the muscle leading
to joint instability.
✔✔What is osteoporosis? - ✔✔A condition characterized by decreased bone
mineralization, leading to decreased bone mass and increased porousness.
✔✔What are the types of osteoporosis? - ✔✔Primary, secondary, and regional.
✔✔What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? - ✔✔Estrogen deficiency, decreased
calcium intake, lack of vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle, low body mass, family history,
immobility.
✔✔What is osteomyelitis? - ✔✔A bacterial infection of bone causing an intense
inflammatory response.
✔✔What are the two classifications of osteomyelitis? - ✔✔Hematogenous (spread
through bloodstream) and contiguous (spread from adjacent bone).
✔✔What is rhabdomyolysis? - ✔✔A condition resulting in myoglobinemia and
myoglobinuria, often caused by trauma, severe compartment syndrome, or medications.
✔✔What is the classic triad of symptoms for compartment syndrome? - ✔✔Pain,
paresthesia, and pulselessness.
✔✔What is osteoarthritis? - ✔✔A degenerative joint disease related to wear and tear on
weight-bearing joints, with little to no inflammation.
✔✔What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis? - ✔✔Stiffness with movement, activity-
related joint pain relieved by rest, limited range of motion, and crepitus.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the classifications of acute kidney injury? - ✔✔Prerenal injury, intrarenal
injury, and post-renal injury.
✔✔What is the most common cause of prerenal injury? - ✔✔Conditions that cause
hypo-perfusion, such as hypovolemia, hemorrhage, or septic shock.
✔✔What is the most common cause of intrarenal injury? - ✔✔Acute tubular necrosis
from ischemia or nephrotoxic drugs.
✔✔What are the phases of acute kidney injury? - ✔✔Initiation phase, oliguric phase,
and recovery/polyuric phase.
✔✔What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)? - ✔✔Gradual, irreversible destruction of the
kidneys.
✔✔What are common systemic effects of chronic kidney disease? - ✔✔Hypertension,
dysrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, edema, and heart failure.
✔✔What are the main functions of bones? - ✔✔Mechanical (strength & framework),
Metabolic (mineral content), Hematopoietic (formation of blood cells)
✔✔What can affect the musculoskeletal system? - ✔✔Disease, infection, genetics, or
mechanical stressors
✔✔What are common musculoskeletal alterations? - ✔✔Sprains, strains, osteoporosis,
osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis,
rhabdomyolysis, fibromyalgia
, ✔✔Define a strain. - ✔✔Injury to a muscle or tendon, usually occurring in hands, feet,
knee, biceps, ankle, or heel.
✔✔Define a sprain. - ✔✔Injury to a ligament, most commonly occurring in wrists, elbow,
knee, or ankle.
✔✔What are the classifications of sprains and strains? - ✔✔1st degree (mild), 2nd
degree (moderate), 3rd degree (severe)
✔✔What characterizes 1st degree sprains? - ✔✔Fibers are stretched, muscle or joint
remains stable.
✔✔What characterizes 2nd degree sprains? - ✔✔More tearing of tendon or ligament,
muscle weakness, and joint instability.
✔✔What characterizes 3rd degree sprains? - ✔✔Inability to contract the muscle leading
to joint instability.
✔✔What is osteoporosis? - ✔✔A condition characterized by decreased bone
mineralization, leading to decreased bone mass and increased porousness.
✔✔What are the types of osteoporosis? - ✔✔Primary, secondary, and regional.
✔✔What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? - ✔✔Estrogen deficiency, decreased
calcium intake, lack of vitamin D, sedentary lifestyle, low body mass, family history,
immobility.
✔✔What is osteomyelitis? - ✔✔A bacterial infection of bone causing an intense
inflammatory response.
✔✔What are the two classifications of osteomyelitis? - ✔✔Hematogenous (spread
through bloodstream) and contiguous (spread from adjacent bone).
✔✔What is rhabdomyolysis? - ✔✔A condition resulting in myoglobinemia and
myoglobinuria, often caused by trauma, severe compartment syndrome, or medications.
✔✔What is the classic triad of symptoms for compartment syndrome? - ✔✔Pain,
paresthesia, and pulselessness.
✔✔What is osteoarthritis? - ✔✔A degenerative joint disease related to wear and tear on
weight-bearing joints, with little to no inflammation.
✔✔What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis? - ✔✔Stiffness with movement, activity-
related joint pain relieved by rest, limited range of motion, and crepitus.
