College of Nursing
WEIVER LANIF
★ ★
N Department of Health Sciences
SCIENTIA · CURA · COMPASSIO
EST. 1908
Fundamentals of Nursing — Final Exam Review
CO M P R E H E N S I V E R E V I E W : F O U N D AT I O N S · V I TA L S I G N S · M E D A D M I N · O B · D I A B E T E S · M O R E
INSTITUTION College of Nursing COURSE CODE NURS 1101
PROGRAM Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) ACADEMIC YEAR
EXAM TITLE Nursing Fundamentals Final Exam Review TOTAL QUESTIONS 200+ Items
COURSE TITLE Nursing Fundamentals FORMAT Comprehensive Review — Multiple
Choice, SATA & Concept Review
EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
▸ This comprehensive final exam review covers all major topics from Nursing Fundamentals.
▸ Topics include: nursing foundations, vital signs, medication administration, maternal-newborn, diabetes, stress/adaptation,
inflammation, nutrition, elimination, legal/ethical issues, and more.
▸ Each item includes the correct answer and clinical rationale.
SECTION I — NURSING FOUNDATIONS, HEALTH & ILLNESS, Items 1 –
LEGAL/ETHICAL 40
1. A nurse in the ICU is monitoring for a possible cerebral aneurysm. Preparing for ordered diagnostic tests reflects
which aspect of nursing?
A. The art of nursing
B. The science of nursing
C. The caring aspect of nursing
D. The holistic approach to nursing
CORRECT ANSWER B — The science of nursing
RATIONALE The science of nursing is the knowledge base for care — understanding pathophysiology, diagnostic
procedures, and evidence-based interventions. The art of nursing is the skilled application of that
knowledge with compassion.
2. In PICO format, what does the letter "P" represent?
A. Comparison to another similar treatment
B. Clearly defined, focused literature review
C. Specific identification of the desired outcome
D. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
CORRECT ANSWER D — Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
RATIONALE PICO: P = Population/Patient/Problem; I = Intervention; C = Comparison; O = Outcome. The "P" defines the
specific patient group or problem being studied.
,3. What is the function of insulin?
CORRECT ANSWER Removes excess glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver.
RATIONALE Insulin is the anabolic hormone that facilitates glucose uptake into cells and promotes glycogen synthesis in
the liver and muscle, lowering blood glucose.
4. Which nurse is regarded as the founder of American nursing?
A. Clara Barton
B. Lillian Wald
C. Lavina Dock
D. Florence Nightingale
CORRECT ANSWER D — Florence Nightingale
RATIONALE Florence Nightingale established the first scientifically based nursing school (1860) and is considered the
founder of modern professional nursing.
5. Which are examples of chronic illnesses? (Select all that apply.)
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Bronchial pneumonia
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Cystic fibrosis
E. Fractured hip
F. Otitis media
CORRECT ANSWER A, C, D — Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Cystic fibrosis
RATIONALE Chronic illnesses are permanent, irreversible conditions requiring long-term management. Pneumonia,
fractures, and ear infections are typically acute — they resolve with treatment.
6. Which development occurred during World War II regarding nursing?
A. The role of the nurse was broadened
B. There was a decreased emphasis on education
C. Nursing was practiced mainly in hospital settings
D. There was an overabundance of nurses
CORRECT ANSWER A — The role of the nurse was broadened
RATIONALE WWII created a massive demand for nurses, expanding their roles into specialty areas, independent
decision-making, and leadership positions previously unavailable.
, 7. Which nursing interventions reflect the aim of restoring health? (Select all that apply.)
A. A nurse counsels adolescents in a drug rehabilitation program
B. A nurse performs ROM exercises for a patient on bedrest
C. A nurse shows a diabetic patient how to inject insulin
D. A nurse recommends a yoga class for a busy executive
E. A nurse provides hospice care for end-stage cancer
F. A nurse teaches a nutrition class at a local high school
CORRECT ANSWER A, B, C — Drug rehab counseling, ROM exercises, insulin teaching
RATIONALE Restoring health involves direct interventions to help patients return to optimal functioning. Yoga
recommendation (D) is health promotion. Hospice (E) is end-of-life care. Nutrition class (F) is
prevention/wellness.
8. What postpartum urinary system adaptations occur?
CORRECT ANSWER GFR and renal flow rate increase; loss of voiding sensation; postpartum diuresis
RATIONALE After delivery, the body eliminates excess fluid accumulated during pregnancy. GFR increases, bladder
sensation may be diminished from perineal trauma/edema, and diuresis occurs over 2–5 days.
9. When the newborn's cheek is touched, the cheek turns toward the stimulus. What reflex is this?
CORRECT ANSWER Rooting reflex
RATIONALE The rooting reflex helps the newborn locate the nipple for feeding. It disappears around 3–4 months when
voluntary head turning develops.
10. What BMI is considered overweight?
CORRECT ANSWER >25 kg/m² (Note: source states >25 mg/dL which is incorrect; BMI is kg/m²)
RATIONALE BMI 25.0–29.9 = Overweight. BMI ≥30 = Obese. BMI 18.5–24.9 = Normal weight. BMI <18.5 = Underweight.
11. How many patient identifiers are required and what are they?
CORRECT ANSWER Two identifiers: Name and date of birth
RATIONALE The Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals require at least two patient identifiers before any
intervention. Acceptable identifiers include name, DOB, and medical record number. Room number is NOT
an acceptable identifier.
12. Pain and anxiety can alter which vital signs?
CORRECT ANSWER Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
RATIONALE Pain and anxiety activate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing HR, RR, and BP. Temperature is not
typically affected by acute pain/anxiety.
WEIVER LANIF
★ ★
N Department of Health Sciences
SCIENTIA · CURA · COMPASSIO
EST. 1908
Fundamentals of Nursing — Final Exam Review
CO M P R E H E N S I V E R E V I E W : F O U N D AT I O N S · V I TA L S I G N S · M E D A D M I N · O B · D I A B E T E S · M O R E
INSTITUTION College of Nursing COURSE CODE NURS 1101
PROGRAM Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) ACADEMIC YEAR
EXAM TITLE Nursing Fundamentals Final Exam Review TOTAL QUESTIONS 200+ Items
COURSE TITLE Nursing Fundamentals FORMAT Comprehensive Review — Multiple
Choice, SATA & Concept Review
EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
▸ This comprehensive final exam review covers all major topics from Nursing Fundamentals.
▸ Topics include: nursing foundations, vital signs, medication administration, maternal-newborn, diabetes, stress/adaptation,
inflammation, nutrition, elimination, legal/ethical issues, and more.
▸ Each item includes the correct answer and clinical rationale.
SECTION I — NURSING FOUNDATIONS, HEALTH & ILLNESS, Items 1 –
LEGAL/ETHICAL 40
1. A nurse in the ICU is monitoring for a possible cerebral aneurysm. Preparing for ordered diagnostic tests reflects
which aspect of nursing?
A. The art of nursing
B. The science of nursing
C. The caring aspect of nursing
D. The holistic approach to nursing
CORRECT ANSWER B — The science of nursing
RATIONALE The science of nursing is the knowledge base for care — understanding pathophysiology, diagnostic
procedures, and evidence-based interventions. The art of nursing is the skilled application of that
knowledge with compassion.
2. In PICO format, what does the letter "P" represent?
A. Comparison to another similar treatment
B. Clearly defined, focused literature review
C. Specific identification of the desired outcome
D. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
CORRECT ANSWER D — Explicit descriptions of the population of interest
RATIONALE PICO: P = Population/Patient/Problem; I = Intervention; C = Comparison; O = Outcome. The "P" defines the
specific patient group or problem being studied.
,3. What is the function of insulin?
CORRECT ANSWER Removes excess glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver.
RATIONALE Insulin is the anabolic hormone that facilitates glucose uptake into cells and promotes glycogen synthesis in
the liver and muscle, lowering blood glucose.
4. Which nurse is regarded as the founder of American nursing?
A. Clara Barton
B. Lillian Wald
C. Lavina Dock
D. Florence Nightingale
CORRECT ANSWER D — Florence Nightingale
RATIONALE Florence Nightingale established the first scientifically based nursing school (1860) and is considered the
founder of modern professional nursing.
5. Which are examples of chronic illnesses? (Select all that apply.)
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Bronchial pneumonia
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Cystic fibrosis
E. Fractured hip
F. Otitis media
CORRECT ANSWER A, C, D — Diabetes mellitus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Cystic fibrosis
RATIONALE Chronic illnesses are permanent, irreversible conditions requiring long-term management. Pneumonia,
fractures, and ear infections are typically acute — they resolve with treatment.
6. Which development occurred during World War II regarding nursing?
A. The role of the nurse was broadened
B. There was a decreased emphasis on education
C. Nursing was practiced mainly in hospital settings
D. There was an overabundance of nurses
CORRECT ANSWER A — The role of the nurse was broadened
RATIONALE WWII created a massive demand for nurses, expanding their roles into specialty areas, independent
decision-making, and leadership positions previously unavailable.
, 7. Which nursing interventions reflect the aim of restoring health? (Select all that apply.)
A. A nurse counsels adolescents in a drug rehabilitation program
B. A nurse performs ROM exercises for a patient on bedrest
C. A nurse shows a diabetic patient how to inject insulin
D. A nurse recommends a yoga class for a busy executive
E. A nurse provides hospice care for end-stage cancer
F. A nurse teaches a nutrition class at a local high school
CORRECT ANSWER A, B, C — Drug rehab counseling, ROM exercises, insulin teaching
RATIONALE Restoring health involves direct interventions to help patients return to optimal functioning. Yoga
recommendation (D) is health promotion. Hospice (E) is end-of-life care. Nutrition class (F) is
prevention/wellness.
8. What postpartum urinary system adaptations occur?
CORRECT ANSWER GFR and renal flow rate increase; loss of voiding sensation; postpartum diuresis
RATIONALE After delivery, the body eliminates excess fluid accumulated during pregnancy. GFR increases, bladder
sensation may be diminished from perineal trauma/edema, and diuresis occurs over 2–5 days.
9. When the newborn's cheek is touched, the cheek turns toward the stimulus. What reflex is this?
CORRECT ANSWER Rooting reflex
RATIONALE The rooting reflex helps the newborn locate the nipple for feeding. It disappears around 3–4 months when
voluntary head turning develops.
10. What BMI is considered overweight?
CORRECT ANSWER >25 kg/m² (Note: source states >25 mg/dL which is incorrect; BMI is kg/m²)
RATIONALE BMI 25.0–29.9 = Overweight. BMI ≥30 = Obese. BMI 18.5–24.9 = Normal weight. BMI <18.5 = Underweight.
11. How many patient identifiers are required and what are they?
CORRECT ANSWER Two identifiers: Name and date of birth
RATIONALE The Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals require at least two patient identifiers before any
intervention. Acceptable identifiers include name, DOB, and medical record number. Room number is NOT
an acceptable identifier.
12. Pain and anxiety can alter which vital signs?
CORRECT ANSWER Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
RATIONALE Pain and anxiety activate the sympathetic nervous system, increasing HR, RR, and BP. Temperature is not
typically affected by acute pain/anxiety.
