VMEDG 1593 ACTUAL EXAM 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULL
SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ Can handheld GPS receivers and systems certified for VFR
operations be used for IFR operations?
Answer: No, because:
a) RAIM capability - VFR GPS receivers and all handheld units lack
RAIM alerting capability.
b) Database currency - IFR-approved GPS systems are required to
update database; VFR not
c) Antenna location - IFR-approved systems take care to maximize
antenna availability to satellites, whereas VFR do not (more a matter
of convenience)
VFR systems may only be used as aid to situational awareness.
◉ What are designated altitudes for the airways in the VOR and
L/MF Airway System?
Answer: Depicted on Enroute Low Altitude Charts: go from 1,200 ft
AGL up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL. Courses depicted on
ELAC charts (airways depicted in black) are magnetic!
,◉ What are lateral limits of low altitude federal airways?
Answer: 4 NM each side
◉ What is a changeover point (COP)?
Answer: Point along route or airway segment at which changeover
in navigational guidance should occur
◉ What is a mileage breakdown point?
Answer: Occasionally an "x" will appear at a separated segment of an
airway that is not an intersection. The "x" is a mileage breakdown or
computer nav fix and indicates a course change
◉ What is a waypoint?
Answer: Predetermined geographical position used for navigation.
Defined relative to a VORTAC station (bearing/distance) or in terms
of latitude/longitude coordinates
◉ What are the two types of waypoints found on charts?
Answer: Fly-by waypoint (4-pointed star on chart) - enable
smoother transition by beginning turn prior to waypoint
Fly-over waypoint (4-pointed star in a circle) - denotes a missed
approach point, a missed approach holding point, or other specific
points in space that must be flown over
, ◉ Describe the climb procedure when approaching a fix beyond
which a higher MEA exists
Answer: The climb may start after passing over the fox
◉ Describe the climb procedure when approaching a fix at which a
MCA exists
Answer: A pilot should initiate the climb so the MCA is reached by
the time the intersection is crossed. MCA (transition to higher MEA)
is usually indicated when approaching steeply rising terrain, and
obstacle clearance and/or signal reception is compromised.
◉ "T" and "Q" routes
Answer: Published (blue) RNAV routes. Provide more direct routing
for IFR aircraft and enhance system safety and efficiency.
T-routes: 1,200 ft AGL to 18,000 ft MSL (not inclusive)
Q-routes: 18,000 ft MSL to FL450 inclusive
◉ Class A airspace
Answer: 18,000 ft MSL up to and including FL600. Within 12 NM of
coast overlying waters.
◉ Class B airspace
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS FULL
SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD
◉ Can handheld GPS receivers and systems certified for VFR
operations be used for IFR operations?
Answer: No, because:
a) RAIM capability - VFR GPS receivers and all handheld units lack
RAIM alerting capability.
b) Database currency - IFR-approved GPS systems are required to
update database; VFR not
c) Antenna location - IFR-approved systems take care to maximize
antenna availability to satellites, whereas VFR do not (more a matter
of convenience)
VFR systems may only be used as aid to situational awareness.
◉ What are designated altitudes for the airways in the VOR and
L/MF Airway System?
Answer: Depicted on Enroute Low Altitude Charts: go from 1,200 ft
AGL up to but not including 18,000 ft MSL. Courses depicted on
ELAC charts (airways depicted in black) are magnetic!
,◉ What are lateral limits of low altitude federal airways?
Answer: 4 NM each side
◉ What is a changeover point (COP)?
Answer: Point along route or airway segment at which changeover
in navigational guidance should occur
◉ What is a mileage breakdown point?
Answer: Occasionally an "x" will appear at a separated segment of an
airway that is not an intersection. The "x" is a mileage breakdown or
computer nav fix and indicates a course change
◉ What is a waypoint?
Answer: Predetermined geographical position used for navigation.
Defined relative to a VORTAC station (bearing/distance) or in terms
of latitude/longitude coordinates
◉ What are the two types of waypoints found on charts?
Answer: Fly-by waypoint (4-pointed star on chart) - enable
smoother transition by beginning turn prior to waypoint
Fly-over waypoint (4-pointed star in a circle) - denotes a missed
approach point, a missed approach holding point, or other specific
points in space that must be flown over
, ◉ Describe the climb procedure when approaching a fix beyond
which a higher MEA exists
Answer: The climb may start after passing over the fox
◉ Describe the climb procedure when approaching a fix at which a
MCA exists
Answer: A pilot should initiate the climb so the MCA is reached by
the time the intersection is crossed. MCA (transition to higher MEA)
is usually indicated when approaching steeply rising terrain, and
obstacle clearance and/or signal reception is compromised.
◉ "T" and "Q" routes
Answer: Published (blue) RNAV routes. Provide more direct routing
for IFR aircraft and enhance system safety and efficiency.
T-routes: 1,200 ft AGL to 18,000 ft MSL (not inclusive)
Q-routes: 18,000 ft MSL to FL450 inclusive
◉ Class A airspace
Answer: 18,000 ft MSL up to and including FL600. Within 12 NM of
coast overlying waters.
◉ Class B airspace
