NURS 316 MIDTERM 2026 STUDY
GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Paradigm.
Answer: a world view; a general perspective on the complexities of the
real world, with certain assumptions about reality
Key paradigms for nursing research
◉ Positivist Paradigm.
Answer: Reality exists; there is a real world driven by natural causes
The inquirer is independent from those being studied
Quantitative research
◉ Naturalist Paradigm.
Answer: Reality is multiple and subjective, constructed by individuals
The inquirer interacts with those being studied; findings reflect the
interaction
Qualitative research
, ◉ Research utilization (RU).
Answer: The use of study findings in a practical application unrelated to
the original research
◉ Evidence-based practice (EBP).
Answer: Basing clinical decisions on best possible evidence, typically
high-quality research
◉ EBP Steps.
Answer: 1 Ask questions that are answerable with research evidence.
2 Search for and assemble evidence.
3 Appraise and synthesize evidence.
4 Integrate evidence with other sources.
5 Assess effectiveness of decision or advice.
◉ Evidence Hierarchy.
Answer: Levels of evidence (from strongest to weakest):
I. Systematic reviews of RCTs
II. Individual RCTs
III. Systematic reviews of non-RCTs (correlational)
IV. Individual correlational studies
V. Systematic reviews of descriptive studies
VI. Individual descriptive studies
VII. Opinions of respected authorities and expert committees
GUIDE COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS ANSWERS VERIFIED A+
◉ Paradigm.
Answer: a world view; a general perspective on the complexities of the
real world, with certain assumptions about reality
Key paradigms for nursing research
◉ Positivist Paradigm.
Answer: Reality exists; there is a real world driven by natural causes
The inquirer is independent from those being studied
Quantitative research
◉ Naturalist Paradigm.
Answer: Reality is multiple and subjective, constructed by individuals
The inquirer interacts with those being studied; findings reflect the
interaction
Qualitative research
, ◉ Research utilization (RU).
Answer: The use of study findings in a practical application unrelated to
the original research
◉ Evidence-based practice (EBP).
Answer: Basing clinical decisions on best possible evidence, typically
high-quality research
◉ EBP Steps.
Answer: 1 Ask questions that are answerable with research evidence.
2 Search for and assemble evidence.
3 Appraise and synthesize evidence.
4 Integrate evidence with other sources.
5 Assess effectiveness of decision or advice.
◉ Evidence Hierarchy.
Answer: Levels of evidence (from strongest to weakest):
I. Systematic reviews of RCTs
II. Individual RCTs
III. Systematic reviews of non-RCTs (correlational)
IV. Individual correlational studies
V. Systematic reviews of descriptive studies
VI. Individual descriptive studies
VII. Opinions of respected authorities and expert committees
