BIOL 2604 Microbiology Final Exam
Questions With Verified Answers
Communities - ANSWER collections of organisms that occupy a specific area or
zone
Guilds - ANSWER groups of organisms within the community that are carrying
out particular functions (photosyntheiss, methanogenisis)
Populaitons - ANSWER the members of a particular species
All environments need what? - ANSWER a source of energy for growth
Example of energy sources environments need? - ANSWER light
metaboic reactions are driven by the presence of organic and inorganic matter
Biogeochemical cycles - ANSWER nutrient cycles
Redox reactions
Organisms that growin in an environment do so because... - ANSWER they can!
Conditions cna change greatly over small distances, providing for... - ANSWER
increased diversity of microbial populations
Biofilms - ANSWER assemblages of bacterial cells attached to a surface via an
adhesive polysaccharide matrix
Biofilm development - ANSWER mediated by gene expression
dependent upon cell-cell interactions
What do biofilms do? Why are they important> - ANSWER Defense from elements
or predators
Provides attachement to remain a favorable nice
Allows close association of cells
Biofilm control - ANSWER importnat to remove for processes in indistry, health
,difficult to remove due to impermeability to antimicrobials
How does a microbial guild differ from a microbial community? - ANSWER
Microbial guilds are part of microbial communities, but together, the microbes in
a guild carry out a specific function
What is a biogeochemical cycle? - ANSWER pathway by which a chemical
substance moves through both the biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere,
atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of Earth.
nutrient cycles
redox reactions
What is the chemical nature of the biofilm matrix - ANSWER Made up of
polysaccharides, mediated by gene expression
Why might a biofilm be a good habitat for bacterial cells living in a flowing
system? - ANSWER Provides attachment and safety for a constantly changing
niche.
Give an example of a medically relevant biofilm that most humans likely harbor. -
ANSWER Plaque on teeth (ew!)
Nitrogen Fixation by Rhizobium - ANSWER Recognition and attachment to root
hair, excretion of nod factors by bacterium cause the root hair to curl, Rhizobia
penetrate root hair and multiply, bacteria in infection thread grow toward teh
root cell, formation of bacteroid state within plant cell. Contined plant and
bacteria cell division.
Bacteroid - ANSWER Nitrogen fixing cells located in root nodules
Nitrogenase is oxygen sensitive, so oxygen levels are kept low by leghemoglobin
(production mediated by both host and bacterial factors), high respiration rate,
and protective proteins
What is used to oxidize oil to carbon dioxide in petroleum biodegration -
ANSWER a consortium (different mix of types) of mircoorganisms
The reactions undergone by the consortium of microorganisms in petroleum
biodegradation require a high amount of what? How is this accomplished? -
ANSWER These reactions are oxygen-dependent. Because oil floats on top of
water, oxygen levels remain high.
What happens during the cleanup of oil spills? - ANSWER Volatile hydrocarbons
evaporate, and remaining components are degrated at various rates. Branched
and polycylic compounds take longer.
, How is petroleum produced? (besides that of dinosaurs!) - ANSWER
Botryococcus braunii is a green algae that can synthesize long chain
hydrocarbons. Up to 30% of dry weight of the cells is composed of this oil
Normal flora - ANSWER these organisms are consistently found in association
with humans and may have various symbiotic relationships with their host.
obligate pathogens - ANSWER these organisms are almost always associated
with disease in infected humans. Some are obligate parasites
Opportunistic pathogens - ANSWER these organisms, though normally not
pathogens, may cause disease in a compromised host.
When relationships move in the direction to mutualism from parasitism.. -
ANSWER reestablishment of healthy host occurs.
When relationships move toward parasitism from mutualism... - ANSWER the
infectious disease process begins.
Infection dose not equal - ANSWER disease!
Infection - ANSWER the established microbial growth in the host
Disease - ANSWER hose damage or dysfunction (caused by microorganisms)
For some microbial diseases, infection is not required. How? - ANSWER Eating
spoiled food, toxins left by microorganisms taht may already be dead.
Infection may occur without... - ANSWER disease (normal flora)
Approximately, how many cells make up the human body? - ANSWER 10^13!
Approximately, how many bacteria cells are associated with a human body? -
ANSWER 10x AS MANY HUMAN CELLS! (10^23)
ONE HUNDRED TRILLION
Host-microorganism association - ANSWER loose associations
adherent associations
invasive associations
Mucosa (mucus membranes) - ANSWER common sites of primary infection.
found commonly throughout animal hosts, along the digestive respiratory, and
urogenital tracts
Generally, microbes grow in areas that - ANSWER are most accessible like the
skin, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract
Questions With Verified Answers
Communities - ANSWER collections of organisms that occupy a specific area or
zone
Guilds - ANSWER groups of organisms within the community that are carrying
out particular functions (photosyntheiss, methanogenisis)
Populaitons - ANSWER the members of a particular species
All environments need what? - ANSWER a source of energy for growth
Example of energy sources environments need? - ANSWER light
metaboic reactions are driven by the presence of organic and inorganic matter
Biogeochemical cycles - ANSWER nutrient cycles
Redox reactions
Organisms that growin in an environment do so because... - ANSWER they can!
Conditions cna change greatly over small distances, providing for... - ANSWER
increased diversity of microbial populations
Biofilms - ANSWER assemblages of bacterial cells attached to a surface via an
adhesive polysaccharide matrix
Biofilm development - ANSWER mediated by gene expression
dependent upon cell-cell interactions
What do biofilms do? Why are they important> - ANSWER Defense from elements
or predators
Provides attachement to remain a favorable nice
Allows close association of cells
Biofilm control - ANSWER importnat to remove for processes in indistry, health
,difficult to remove due to impermeability to antimicrobials
How does a microbial guild differ from a microbial community? - ANSWER
Microbial guilds are part of microbial communities, but together, the microbes in
a guild carry out a specific function
What is a biogeochemical cycle? - ANSWER pathway by which a chemical
substance moves through both the biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere,
atmosphere, and hydrosphere) components of Earth.
nutrient cycles
redox reactions
What is the chemical nature of the biofilm matrix - ANSWER Made up of
polysaccharides, mediated by gene expression
Why might a biofilm be a good habitat for bacterial cells living in a flowing
system? - ANSWER Provides attachment and safety for a constantly changing
niche.
Give an example of a medically relevant biofilm that most humans likely harbor. -
ANSWER Plaque on teeth (ew!)
Nitrogen Fixation by Rhizobium - ANSWER Recognition and attachment to root
hair, excretion of nod factors by bacterium cause the root hair to curl, Rhizobia
penetrate root hair and multiply, bacteria in infection thread grow toward teh
root cell, formation of bacteroid state within plant cell. Contined plant and
bacteria cell division.
Bacteroid - ANSWER Nitrogen fixing cells located in root nodules
Nitrogenase is oxygen sensitive, so oxygen levels are kept low by leghemoglobin
(production mediated by both host and bacterial factors), high respiration rate,
and protective proteins
What is used to oxidize oil to carbon dioxide in petroleum biodegration -
ANSWER a consortium (different mix of types) of mircoorganisms
The reactions undergone by the consortium of microorganisms in petroleum
biodegradation require a high amount of what? How is this accomplished? -
ANSWER These reactions are oxygen-dependent. Because oil floats on top of
water, oxygen levels remain high.
What happens during the cleanup of oil spills? - ANSWER Volatile hydrocarbons
evaporate, and remaining components are degrated at various rates. Branched
and polycylic compounds take longer.
, How is petroleum produced? (besides that of dinosaurs!) - ANSWER
Botryococcus braunii is a green algae that can synthesize long chain
hydrocarbons. Up to 30% of dry weight of the cells is composed of this oil
Normal flora - ANSWER these organisms are consistently found in association
with humans and may have various symbiotic relationships with their host.
obligate pathogens - ANSWER these organisms are almost always associated
with disease in infected humans. Some are obligate parasites
Opportunistic pathogens - ANSWER these organisms, though normally not
pathogens, may cause disease in a compromised host.
When relationships move in the direction to mutualism from parasitism.. -
ANSWER reestablishment of healthy host occurs.
When relationships move toward parasitism from mutualism... - ANSWER the
infectious disease process begins.
Infection dose not equal - ANSWER disease!
Infection - ANSWER the established microbial growth in the host
Disease - ANSWER hose damage or dysfunction (caused by microorganisms)
For some microbial diseases, infection is not required. How? - ANSWER Eating
spoiled food, toxins left by microorganisms taht may already be dead.
Infection may occur without... - ANSWER disease (normal flora)
Approximately, how many cells make up the human body? - ANSWER 10^13!
Approximately, how many bacteria cells are associated with a human body? -
ANSWER 10x AS MANY HUMAN CELLS! (10^23)
ONE HUNDRED TRILLION
Host-microorganism association - ANSWER loose associations
adherent associations
invasive associations
Mucosa (mucus membranes) - ANSWER common sites of primary infection.
found commonly throughout animal hosts, along the digestive respiratory, and
urogenital tracts
Generally, microbes grow in areas that - ANSWER are most accessible like the
skin, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract
