Exam 4 Microbiology Dr. Park Newest
2026-2027. Questions and Correct
Answers. Graded A
_____ can be transferred between suitable organisms via cell-to-cell
contact - ANSConjugative plasmids
∆G°' < 0 - ANSexergonic reaction -> energy released
∆G°'> 0 - ANSendergonic reaction-> energy required
1- H2 -> 2e- + 2H+ - ANSelectron donating half reaction
2 types of chemical reactions - ANScatabolism and anabolism
2. 1/2O2 + 2e- -> O2- - ANSelectron accepting half reaction
Activation energy - ANSthe energy required to bring all molecules in a
chemical reaction into the reactive state
Adenosine TriPhosphate - ANSATP
After heat shock - ANS-RpoH rapidly inactivated by DnaK
-shut down of heat shock response
1
,Alternative σ factors - ANSfor regulation of gene expression
Anabolism - ANSbiosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules
from smaller molecules; requires energy input
Anabolism= - ANSbiosynthesis
of sugar
of amino acids
of fatty acids
Anti-σ factors - ANSto modulate the regulation of alternative σ factors in
response to environmental signal
Antisense RNA - ANS- binds to other RNA molecules through
complementary base pairing
-stops translation and targets RNA for degradation
At the bottom of the redox tower - ANSLOW energy state
positive reduction potential
strong electron acceptor
strong oxidants
easy to be reduced
At the top of the redox tower - ANSHIGH energy state
neg reduction potential
strong electron donors
2
, strong reductants
easy to oxidized
ATP - ANSmetabolic currency
- removal of the terminal phosphate releases energy
ATP is formed by - ANS3 different mechanisms
1- substrate level phosphorylation
2- oxidative phosphorylation
3- photophosphorylation
ATP synthase - ANSthe F1/F0ATPase
ADP+Pi <-> ATP
-oxidative phosphorylation
- can also run in reverse to generate a proton gradient
- 3 or 4 protons make an ATP
Bacteriorhodopsin - ANSlight driven proton pump, used to generate atp
powered by pmf
Catabolism - ANSdegradation- breaks the bond of larger molecules forming
smaller molecules; release energy
Catabolism= - ANSenergy generation
catabolite repression - ANSrepresses expression of genes involved in
"alternative" pathways in favor of those needed for the "preferred" pathway
3
2026-2027. Questions and Correct
Answers. Graded A
_____ can be transferred between suitable organisms via cell-to-cell
contact - ANSConjugative plasmids
∆G°' < 0 - ANSexergonic reaction -> energy released
∆G°'> 0 - ANSendergonic reaction-> energy required
1- H2 -> 2e- + 2H+ - ANSelectron donating half reaction
2 types of chemical reactions - ANScatabolism and anabolism
2. 1/2O2 + 2e- -> O2- - ANSelectron accepting half reaction
Activation energy - ANSthe energy required to bring all molecules in a
chemical reaction into the reactive state
Adenosine TriPhosphate - ANSATP
After heat shock - ANS-RpoH rapidly inactivated by DnaK
-shut down of heat shock response
1
,Alternative σ factors - ANSfor regulation of gene expression
Anabolism - ANSbiosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules
from smaller molecules; requires energy input
Anabolism= - ANSbiosynthesis
of sugar
of amino acids
of fatty acids
Anti-σ factors - ANSto modulate the regulation of alternative σ factors in
response to environmental signal
Antisense RNA - ANS- binds to other RNA molecules through
complementary base pairing
-stops translation and targets RNA for degradation
At the bottom of the redox tower - ANSLOW energy state
positive reduction potential
strong electron acceptor
strong oxidants
easy to be reduced
At the top of the redox tower - ANSHIGH energy state
neg reduction potential
strong electron donors
2
, strong reductants
easy to oxidized
ATP - ANSmetabolic currency
- removal of the terminal phosphate releases energy
ATP is formed by - ANS3 different mechanisms
1- substrate level phosphorylation
2- oxidative phosphorylation
3- photophosphorylation
ATP synthase - ANSthe F1/F0ATPase
ADP+Pi <-> ATP
-oxidative phosphorylation
- can also run in reverse to generate a proton gradient
- 3 or 4 protons make an ATP
Bacteriorhodopsin - ANSlight driven proton pump, used to generate atp
powered by pmf
Catabolism - ANSdegradation- breaks the bond of larger molecules forming
smaller molecules; release energy
Catabolism= - ANSenergy generation
catabolite repression - ANSrepresses expression of genes involved in
"alternative" pathways in favor of those needed for the "preferred" pathway
3
