Knapp Microbiology Exam 4 - 23,24,25
& 26. Newest 2026-2027. Questions
and Correct Answers. Graded A
3 Pathways - ANSClassical Pathway: C3 activated by contact between
complement and pathogen via ANTIBODIES
Alternate Pathway: C3 activated by contact between complement &
pathogen via SURFACE GLYCOLIPID COMPLEXES
- ex. lipopolysaccharide & gram-neg are susceptible
Lectin Pathway: C3 activated by contact between lectin and pathogen via
SURFACE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATES
- ex. mannose
5 Categories of Exotoxins - ANS- Cell membrane disrupters
- Protein Synthesis disrupters
- 2nd Messenger Pathway Disrupters
- Superantigens
- Proteases
Accidental Transmission - ANSAnother way disease can be transmitted
1
,Actin "Rockets" - ANSActin binds to cell then polymerizes propelling
bacterium through the cell cytoplasm
Adaptive Immunity - ANSOP FLOW CHART
Adaptive: Artificially Acquired - ANSPassive: Preformed antiBODIES in
immune serum are introduced by injection
Active: AntiGENS are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies
Adaptive: Natural Acquired - ANSPassive: AntiBODIES pass from mother
to fetus via placenta or to infant
Active: AntiGENS enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies
Agranulocytic Leukocytes - ANS- About 25% of Blood:
Monocytes:
- differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
- APCs and w/ Adaptive Immunity
Lymphocytes:
- T cells: intracellular responses
- B cells: extracellular response; produces antibodies
Natural killer cells:
- destroys host cells that lack MHC 1 self-antigens
- perforins: holes in the membrane to cause lysis
- granzymes: apoptosis
2
, Antibody Classes - ANSMonomer forms: IgG, IgD, IgE
Polymer forms: IgM and IgA
Antibody Structure - ANS- Variable regions: Antigen binding sites and they
possess variable amino acid sequences
- Fc region (stem part): binds to host cell receptors
Antigens - ANSActivate lymphocytes in the body
- B cells: interact w/ antigen via Surface Immunoglobins ANTIBODIES
- T cells: interact w/ antigen via Surface AnTigen Receptors
Antitoxins - ANSantitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a
specific toxin aka provide immunity
B. pertussis (whooping cough) - ANS- aerobic & Gram-negative
coccobacillus
- *inhibits the Mucociliary Escalator
Bacterial Meningitis - ANSinfection of the membrane surrounding the brain
and spinal cord (meninges)
- cross the blood-brain barrier
- diagnosis by gram stain and agglutination test by CSF
C. diphtheria - ANS- aerobic & Gram-positive rod
- pleomorphic morphology
- begins w/ sore throat and fever
3
& 26. Newest 2026-2027. Questions
and Correct Answers. Graded A
3 Pathways - ANSClassical Pathway: C3 activated by contact between
complement and pathogen via ANTIBODIES
Alternate Pathway: C3 activated by contact between complement &
pathogen via SURFACE GLYCOLIPID COMPLEXES
- ex. lipopolysaccharide & gram-neg are susceptible
Lectin Pathway: C3 activated by contact between lectin and pathogen via
SURFACE SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATES
- ex. mannose
5 Categories of Exotoxins - ANS- Cell membrane disrupters
- Protein Synthesis disrupters
- 2nd Messenger Pathway Disrupters
- Superantigens
- Proteases
Accidental Transmission - ANSAnother way disease can be transmitted
1
,Actin "Rockets" - ANSActin binds to cell then polymerizes propelling
bacterium through the cell cytoplasm
Adaptive Immunity - ANSOP FLOW CHART
Adaptive: Artificially Acquired - ANSPassive: Preformed antiBODIES in
immune serum are introduced by injection
Active: AntiGENS are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies
Adaptive: Natural Acquired - ANSPassive: AntiBODIES pass from mother
to fetus via placenta or to infant
Active: AntiGENS enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies
Agranulocytic Leukocytes - ANS- About 25% of Blood:
Monocytes:
- differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
- APCs and w/ Adaptive Immunity
Lymphocytes:
- T cells: intracellular responses
- B cells: extracellular response; produces antibodies
Natural killer cells:
- destroys host cells that lack MHC 1 self-antigens
- perforins: holes in the membrane to cause lysis
- granzymes: apoptosis
2
, Antibody Classes - ANSMonomer forms: IgG, IgD, IgE
Polymer forms: IgM and IgA
Antibody Structure - ANS- Variable regions: Antigen binding sites and they
possess variable amino acid sequences
- Fc region (stem part): binds to host cell receptors
Antigens - ANSActivate lymphocytes in the body
- B cells: interact w/ antigen via Surface Immunoglobins ANTIBODIES
- T cells: interact w/ antigen via Surface AnTigen Receptors
Antitoxins - ANSantitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a
specific toxin aka provide immunity
B. pertussis (whooping cough) - ANS- aerobic & Gram-negative
coccobacillus
- *inhibits the Mucociliary Escalator
Bacterial Meningitis - ANSinfection of the membrane surrounding the brain
and spinal cord (meninges)
- cross the blood-brain barrier
- diagnosis by gram stain and agglutination test by CSF
C. diphtheria - ANS- aerobic & Gram-positive rod
- pleomorphic morphology
- begins w/ sore throat and fever
3
