COUN 502 TEST 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

COUN 502 TEST 1 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 Which professional organization represents the interests of professional counselors in general? - Answers ACA (American Counseling Association) Which focuses specifically on Mental Health Counselors? - Answers AMHCA (American Mental Health Counselor Association) Which is involved in accreditation of graduate counseling programs? - Answers CACREP What type programs are accredited? - Answers Career Counseling School Counseling Clinical Mental Health Counseling NOT counseling psychology Name some of the common core areas identified by CACREP. - Answers 1. Professional Counseling Orientation & Ethical Practice 2. Social and Cultural Diversity 3. Human Growth and Development 4. Career Development 5. Counseling and Helping Relationships 6. Group Counseling 7. Assessment and Training 8. Research & Program Eval Know the following professional groups was not directly involved in the formation of what is now known as the ACA? National Vocational Guidance Association, American College Personnel Association, National Association for Guidance Supervisors - Answers These Were: National Vocational Guidance Association, American College Personnel Association, National Association for Guidance Supervisors APA Was Not: American Psychological Association Psychiatry - Answers Can prescribe psychoactive medications in all 50 states - Went to 4 years of medical school -Did a residency in psych -Clients are called patients -Biopsychological focus clinical psychology - Answers i. Earn a PhD or EdD of PsyD, all states license psychologists, but requirements differ. ii. Focused on the study, assessment, treatment and prevention of abnormal behavior. mental health counselor - Answers Recognized by ACA, CACREP, minimum of a masters degree in counseling or related discipline. counseling psychologist - Answers Focus on the presenting problems of relatively normal populations, however this distinction has become less pronounced in recent years. -Psychologists have the state right to diagnose and treat mental illness, they are highly trained in the administration and scoring of psych tests. Social workers - Answers -Earn a MSW -Some administer govt. programs to underprivileged, others do counseling.-Different from counseling and psych and psychiatry in that it mandates tonegotiate social systems and advocate for change, to understand clients' habitats and niches and provide social services marriage and family therapist - Answers LMFT -Private practice and agency settings -Possess skills in family systems assessment and treatment What does the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC) do? Who can be certified? - Answers Provides primary national certification process for professional counselors who can be certified? - Answers anyone who has completed and graduated from an accredited 60 hour program How many states have Mental Health counseling as a licensed profession? - Answers 50 Portability - Answers The ability to move your license from state to state, to take it with you across state lines. (think - to transport) Reciprocity - Answers in which certain states have negotiated agreements with other states so that the license in one state would be automatically accepted in the others, as long as the appropriate fees are paid List some specializations within the counseling profession - Answers Addiction Counseling Career Counseling Gerontological Counseling School Counseling Marriage and Family Counseling What is a wellness perspective? - Answers A wellness perspective approach encourages clients to implement strengths-based, solution focused patterns of living. What did Hippocrates think caused mental disorders? - Answers Abnormal behavior has natural causes and should be treated like physically based issues. He related behavioral tendencies and to temperament to relative balance of four bodily fluids: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm Who was the first to think that people with "madness" are societal concerns that require a community response? - Answers Plato Who was known as the Father of Medicine? - Answers Hippocrates Who was Frank Parsons? - Answers "founder of guidance"; Established the Boston Vocational Bureau. He was concerned with youth unemployment. He created the role of a vocational counselor. What did Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 do? - Answers Counselors became providers of care in community mental health centers. Phillipe Pinel - Answers voice of reform (late 1700s) who advocated for a more humane approach referred to as moral treatment. Benjamin Rush - Answers Father of American Psychiatry; also voiced for more moral treatment Dorothea Dix - Answers Advocate for the mentally ill and their deplorable living conditions Emil Kraelin - Answers German psychiatrist; developed the first major classification system of all mental illnesses. What did Carl Rogers think was necessary for growth? - Answers Personal Relationships What are self-schemas? - Answers Internal cognitive structures about ourselves. Defined as "cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individual's social experiences Processing information is influenced by the operation of self-schemas in the following ways: - Answers heighten sensitivity to self-relevant stimuli, information that is incongruent with one's self-schema is resisted, and it enhances the recall of information that is self- congruent. Are self-schemas conscious or unconscious? - Answers unconscious How does choice of counseling theory relate to the counselors personality? - Answers Theories are chosen based on what the counselor feels most drawn to, most comfortable with, and most in line with. Describe the stages of Transtheoretical model of behavioral change. - Answers It posits that clients move through 5 stages in making successful changes in their lives: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance Which model of prevention reduces long term impact on people recovering from a disorder? - Answers Tertiary Prevention Describe the ecological perspective of Urie Bronfenbrenner? - Answers All persons develop within an ecological context. Thus, case conceptualization involves multiple levels of the client's environment. Individuals aren't treated or assessed as if they are isolated or autonomous from the larger social system. In this way, interventions capitalize on the strengths and resources that are available within the social milieu of the client. What is the relationship between health and absence of illness are they the same? - Answers mental health Primary prevention - Answers A reduction of disorders by actively changing environments and settings and by teaching life skills (ex. consultation) Secondary prevention - Answers A reduction in the duration of disorders by working with individuals to forestall or alleviate problem areas and attempting early detection and reversal of acute psychological crises. Tertiary prevention - Answers A reduction in the impairment of disorders by treatment. The more successful primary and secondary preventions are, the less need there is for tertiary prevention. (Longest lasting) Fundamental attribution error - Answers The general tendency for people to underestimate contextual influences and over estimate dispositional influences in others. (While if it were ourselves, we would use contextual/environmental excuses and not dispositional (I'm just lazy) excuses. Illusory Correlation - Answers We frequently perceive 2 independent events occurring together in time as being related. For example, I may attribute a client's anxiety to an anniversary reaction because her panic appears to have begun 2 years after the death of a loved one. Although this is plausible, numerous other explanations may be possible. availabilty heuristic - Answers also known as the availability bias, is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision. What is the difference between moral anxiety and neurotic anxiety? - Answers Moral Anxiety — is experienced as guilt or shame resulting from a perceived threat of disapproval or punishment Neurotic Anxiety — is the emotional response to the threat that an unconscious impulse will emerge into one's awareness. Transference - Answers When a client has feelings toward their counselor that reflect feelings toward a significant other from their past (parent, sibling, spouse, etc.) free association - Answers production of unconscious material through saying anything and everything that comes into their minds, dreams memories, fantasies, wishes, thoughts. libido - Answers psychic energy related to sex Id - Answers primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives as well as hidden memories ego - Answers realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and superego Superego - Answers operates as a moral conscious defense mechanisms - Answers in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality types of defense mechanisms - Answers compensation denial displacement identification introjection projection reaction formation rationalization regression repression ritual undoing sublimnation Describe defense mechanisms mentioned in text. Are they conscious or unconscious - Answers Unconscious