Cell Biology& Immunology
, I cell
signaling
·
β
Cell-to-cell
signaling
Input/ Signal -
receiver -
Signal processing
-
output / response .
Cell cell-to-cell communication interactions with extracellular and intracellular environment .
signaling encompasses :
,
⑧
Cell-to-cell communication :
1)
Contact-dependent : short , direct
↳
Important in
embryonic development and immune
responses.
2) Paracrine Short modulates
1- O
with
signal molecules responses ↳
:
,
,
.
3)
Synaptic long
:
,
fast ,
with neurotransmitters .
ー
ー
4) Endocrine : slow
long , ,
with hormones, secretion into the blood ,
binding to receptors .
A
Cell
signals can be chemicals or
physical properties
- >
pH ,
temperature , light .
O survive
.D
Integration
D
of multiple allows decision
signals making
⑳
.
in
ω
Extracellular
signals ⑥ Die,
Sa
Cell-surfase intracellular
signal molecules are
hydrophilic ,
signal molecules are
hydrophobic .
↳ ↳ .
large Small > carrier
protein required
-
Different receptor types :
3) o
>
-
lon channel
1) lon shannels )1요
Ligand-gated / voltage gated ASh GABA etc .
-
, , ,
·แนะ
↳
Several multipass transmembrane protein subunits .
2) G-protein-coupled
Ligands: (derivativeshormones
neurotransmitters different erc.
receptors >
protein
-
,
↳
-> G-
7 transmembrane helices ,
single polypepticle chain .
ㆀ protection
17 1 red receplo
↳
Regulate G-protein activity #
3) (RTK)
Enzyme-coupled receptors Receptor tyrosine Kinases
cytokine receptors ~ม
>
-
or .
↳
Signal protein ligands Binding
s induces dimerizationa leads to intracellular
phosphorylation
of the
↳ receptorr.
r
Single pass membrane domain
↳ 000
Directly encode or associated with intracellular kinase . ·
IIll
ขออ แล โป
#
↳
ส่ Enzyme-coupled receptor (RTK)
,Intracellular
signaling
Fast protein function Slow :
protein
signals : altered . altered
synthesis ,
A A A A
↓ k ↓
B B - B B
F ⇐
↓ positive feedback I * negative feedback Cy Incoherent
↓
Leedforward loop G k Coherent feedforward
loop
*
C C C C
Binding-mediated regulation. ligand binding binding
}
and proteins .
Occur in intracellular cascades.
(signaling molecule classes)
Enzymatic regulation GTP-hydrolysis post :
,
translational modifications
Second small molecules CaP CAMP CGMP, IPB hydrophilic
messengers signaling
: :
,
,
diacylglyserol and
phosphatidylinositol
-
hydrophobic .
↳ cat activates calmodulin , important in muscle contraction .
↳ CAMP
CAMP ATP derivative-
is an activates protein kinase A .
is made
by adengl cyclase .
↳ from the PKC and CaPt
Lipid Second
messengers
are released membrane
,
activate release .
GTP-binding proteins are active in GTP-bound State .
↳
區
們晶
GAP
:
GTP-ase of
(
_
Activates - inactivation
protein .
↳ GEF
by Exchanging.
activates >
-
Activation
GPCRs the GTPase.
&バ
have X B and
& subunits - > & is
·
.
、
↑ Trimeric .
'
O= D 0
G-protein(
-
{
p ㅇ &
.
Phosphorylation regulates protein lunction :
QH -
I G-proteins often activate
adenyl cyslase .
Covalent attachment of have different fates for because of the different of attash-
ubiquitin can the sell ,
ways
∅
ment .
8 อ ㆁ "
·
Cell crowded environment
signaling happens
in a .
high affinity
→
with
Receptors bind Signaling
molesuses .
→
Signal proteins and
targets are recruited to a common scaffold.
>
-
Cells mediate multistep processes .
, I The
cytoskeleton
Properties of the
cytoskeleton
The Common characteristiss of
cytoskeleton gives
a cell : in all
types cytoskeleton :
1) 1)
Shape Assembly into macromolecular structures .
2) 2)
Strengths Highly dinamic
3) 3) form
Mobility They large networks
4) Cell 4)
organisation / Transport Assembly and
disassembly regulated by accessory proteins .
tyuexminoero
enm
Thecah atttthe Afnouteets ter spt ' te - lhrell, ot 6
3 of
types cytoskeletal proteins : actin , microtubules ,
intermediate filaments .
intermediate Cilaments
Actin and muscles
Actin two stranded function Shape locomotion
contractility Cytokinesis
: helix ,
5-9 nm ,
:
,
.
, ,
↳ forms
Different macrostructures activ :
←→
>
-
contractile bundle : Stress Liber
rara
- ->
=ardeow
嵩意 whranded
solkmer
nelwea-' ll crter
=
branched network lamellipodium :
parallel bundle. filopodium
light
Actin binds and defines
hydrolyses polarity and directionality
ATP . Monomers are
asymmetric .
↳ ATP-bound bind to the t of the astin filament ATP to ADD
end then
hydrolysed
monomers is .
↳ ADP-bound dissociate -
Because t end it forms stable
easily the keeps
growing
monomers .
,
a cap
.
⑧ TADp ATP
⑧
⑧
^
"ไ θ
·000
?
..
σ 0000 -
_ao
800000
“
_
⑬
十
, I cell
signaling
·
β
Cell-to-cell
signaling
Input/ Signal -
receiver -
Signal processing
-
output / response .
Cell cell-to-cell communication interactions with extracellular and intracellular environment .
signaling encompasses :
,
⑧
Cell-to-cell communication :
1)
Contact-dependent : short , direct
↳
Important in
embryonic development and immune
responses.
2) Paracrine Short modulates
1- O
with
signal molecules responses ↳
:
,
,
.
3)
Synaptic long
:
,
fast ,
with neurotransmitters .
ー
ー
4) Endocrine : slow
long , ,
with hormones, secretion into the blood ,
binding to receptors .
A
Cell
signals can be chemicals or
physical properties
- >
pH ,
temperature , light .
O survive
.D
Integration
D
of multiple allows decision
signals making
⑳
.
in
ω
Extracellular
signals ⑥ Die,
Sa
Cell-surfase intracellular
signal molecules are
hydrophilic ,
signal molecules are
hydrophobic .
↳ ↳ .
large Small > carrier
protein required
-
Different receptor types :
3) o
>
-
lon channel
1) lon shannels )1요
Ligand-gated / voltage gated ASh GABA etc .
-
, , ,
·แนะ
↳
Several multipass transmembrane protein subunits .
2) G-protein-coupled
Ligands: (derivativeshormones
neurotransmitters different erc.
receptors >
protein
-
,
↳
-> G-
7 transmembrane helices ,
single polypepticle chain .
ㆀ protection
17 1 red receplo
↳
Regulate G-protein activity #
3) (RTK)
Enzyme-coupled receptors Receptor tyrosine Kinases
cytokine receptors ~ม
>
-
or .
↳
Signal protein ligands Binding
s induces dimerizationa leads to intracellular
phosphorylation
of the
↳ receptorr.
r
Single pass membrane domain
↳ 000
Directly encode or associated with intracellular kinase . ·
IIll
ขออ แล โป
#
↳
ส่ Enzyme-coupled receptor (RTK)
,Intracellular
signaling
Fast protein function Slow :
protein
signals : altered . altered
synthesis ,
A A A A
↓ k ↓
B B - B B
F ⇐
↓ positive feedback I * negative feedback Cy Incoherent
↓
Leedforward loop G k Coherent feedforward
loop
*
C C C C
Binding-mediated regulation. ligand binding binding
}
and proteins .
Occur in intracellular cascades.
(signaling molecule classes)
Enzymatic regulation GTP-hydrolysis post :
,
translational modifications
Second small molecules CaP CAMP CGMP, IPB hydrophilic
messengers signaling
: :
,
,
diacylglyserol and
phosphatidylinositol
-
hydrophobic .
↳ cat activates calmodulin , important in muscle contraction .
↳ CAMP
CAMP ATP derivative-
is an activates protein kinase A .
is made
by adengl cyclase .
↳ from the PKC and CaPt
Lipid Second
messengers
are released membrane
,
activate release .
GTP-binding proteins are active in GTP-bound State .
↳
區
們晶
GAP
:
GTP-ase of
(
_
Activates - inactivation
protein .
↳ GEF
by Exchanging.
activates >
-
Activation
GPCRs the GTPase.
&バ
have X B and
& subunits - > & is
·
.
、
↑ Trimeric .
'
O= D 0
G-protein(
-
{
p ㅇ &
.
Phosphorylation regulates protein lunction :
QH -
I G-proteins often activate
adenyl cyslase .
Covalent attachment of have different fates for because of the different of attash-
ubiquitin can the sell ,
ways
∅
ment .
8 อ ㆁ "
·
Cell crowded environment
signaling happens
in a .
high affinity
→
with
Receptors bind Signaling
molesuses .
→
Signal proteins and
targets are recruited to a common scaffold.
>
-
Cells mediate multistep processes .
, I The
cytoskeleton
Properties of the
cytoskeleton
The Common characteristiss of
cytoskeleton gives
a cell : in all
types cytoskeleton :
1) 1)
Shape Assembly into macromolecular structures .
2) 2)
Strengths Highly dinamic
3) 3) form
Mobility They large networks
4) Cell 4)
organisation / Transport Assembly and
disassembly regulated by accessory proteins .
tyuexminoero
enm
Thecah atttthe Afnouteets ter spt ' te - lhrell, ot 6
3 of
types cytoskeletal proteins : actin , microtubules ,
intermediate filaments .
intermediate Cilaments
Actin and muscles
Actin two stranded function Shape locomotion
contractility Cytokinesis
: helix ,
5-9 nm ,
:
,
.
, ,
↳ forms
Different macrostructures activ :
←→
>
-
contractile bundle : Stress Liber
rara
- ->
=ardeow
嵩意 whranded
solkmer
nelwea-' ll crter
=
branched network lamellipodium :
parallel bundle. filopodium
light
Actin binds and defines
hydrolyses polarity and directionality
ATP . Monomers are
asymmetric .
↳ ATP-bound bind to the t of the astin filament ATP to ADD
end then
hydrolysed
monomers is .
↳ ADP-bound dissociate -
Because t end it forms stable
easily the keeps
growing
monomers .
,
a cap
.
⑧ TADp ATP
⑧
⑧
^
"ไ θ
·000
?
..
σ 0000 -
_ao
800000
“
_
⑬
十
