FNDH 400 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Triglyceride Synthesis.
Answer: Esterifying fatty acids into triglycerides, often for storage
◍ Vitamin C and scurvy.
Answer: Vitamin C is used to regenerate the Fe2+ (by reducing Fe3+)
needed to help proline/lysl hydroxylases convert proline/lysl to
hydroxyproline/hydroxylysine. These hydroxyprolines/hydroxylysines are
needed for the collagen strands to properly cross-link and wind together to
form the strong triple helix tropocollagen. If there isn't enough ascorbic
acid, there isn't enough hydroxyprolines/hydroxylysines to properly cross
link the collagens. These underhydroxylated collagens are degraded. This
results in weak connective tissue throughout the body --> Scurvy
◍ Chemical/Amino Acid Score (AAS).
Answer: (Test food limiting essential amino acid) / (needs of same amino
acid score)
◍ How much folate is in fortified cereals and grains.
Answer: 140 ug of folic acid per 100g of grain
◍ Oligosaccharides.
Answer: RaffinoseStachyose
◍ Cholesterol Ester digestion in small intestine.
Answer: Fatty acid cleaved by cholesterol esterase --> cholesterol and a free
fatty acid
◍ Scurvy symptoms.
, Answer: Bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, and corkscrew hair.
Additional symptoms include impaired wound and fracture healing, easy
bruising, and loose or decaying teeth
◍ How is vitamin C found in foods.
Answer: Ascorbic acid (80-90%) or dehydroascorbic acid (10-20%)
◍ Common selenium in food; which foods.
Answer: SelenomethionineCereal grains such as wheat, corn, rice, and soy
◍ Why is Vitamin D conditionally essential?.
Answer: Can synthesize, but often not enough to meet our needs
◍ Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
Answer: An oxygen containing free radical species
◍ Special quality of a pro/prebiotic.
Answer: Needs to be able to survive digestioneg- beta bonds or
oligosaccharides, resistant starch
◍ Salivary amylase cannot....
Answer: Cleave alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
◍ Health effects of omega 6 vs omega 3.
Answer: omega 3 are considered anti-inflamatory when they replace
omega-6
◍ The major point of debate about whether to allow golden rice to be made
available is about the safety and justification for genetically modified
foods/crops..
Answer: True
◍ Hemmorroid Avoidance.
Answer: High fiber diet, exercise, increasing fluid intake, go at first urge
◍ Pros/Cons of in vivo research.
Answer: ProsCan do tests that are considered unethical for humansKnows
exactly what subject eatsExpert reportingConsAnimal
metabolism/physiology is different
,◍ Riboflavin found as.
Answer: Food: free, protein-bound, FAD, FMN
◍ Why are linoleic and alpha linoleic acid essential?Why are other fatty acids
not?.
Answer: We don't have an enzyme capable of adding a double bond beyond
the omega-9 carbon (can't add omega 3 and omega 6 bonds)Other fatty acids
are not essential because we have enzymes that can take them, elongate
them (add 2 carbons) and then further desaturate them (add double bonds) to
other omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.
◍ Why DIAAS is better.
Answer: No truncating scoresSamples from intestine instead of fecal
matterMeasures digestion of individual amino acids, not just crude protein3
reference groups instead of one
◍ Glycogen structure.
Answer: Highly branchedalpha 1-6 branched bondsalpha 1-4 linear
◍ What are the circulating forms of vitamins D and A and how are they
transported through circulation?.
Answer: Vitamin A: Retinol binds to RBPVitamin D: 25(OH)D, binds to
DBP
◍ AI(Definition, Needs Met, Set).
Answer: Adequate IntakeLevel that appears to be adequate in a defined
population or subgroupNot research basedUsed for groups researchers are
hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.)
◍ who's at risk for Vitamin K deficiency.
Answer: RareNewbornsProlonged antibiotic useLipid absorption problems
◍ Epigenetic modification.
Answer: DNA methylationDNA methylation - addition of a methyl group to
a DNA base = decrease in gene transcription Demethylation = increase in
gene transcriptionHistone modification Acetylation: addition of acetyl group
, → causes the DNA structure to open up so that transcription can
occurDeacetylation - causes the DNA to become more tightly packed,
preventing transcription from occurring
◍ Nonprovitamin A.
Answer: Carotenoids cannot be cleaved to form retinal Lutein Zeaxanthin
Lycopene
◍ Complete proteins.
Answer: Provide adequate amounts of all nine essential amino acidsGood
sources: animal proteins
◍ Fed State Lipolysis.
Answer: LPL on vessels cleave lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL) into fatty
acids to be taken up into adipose for storage, or muscles for energy
production
◍ Conditionally essential amino acids.
Answer: Under normal circumstances the body can synthesize these, but are
essential for individuals in certain situations (ex. PKU and the need for
Tyrosine)
◍ Low Blood Calcium Response.
Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released. It increase bone resorption
which breaks down hydroxyaptitate and releases phosphorus and calcium.
PTH also affects the kidneys by increasing phosphorus excretion, and
decreasing calcium excretion. It also increases 1,25(OH)2D activation in
kidney by increasing 1-alphahydroxylase. 1,25(OH)2D binds to vitamin d
receptor and increases protein synthesis of calbindin which leads to more
calcium taken up and shuttled across the enterocytes
◍ Reductionist approach.
Answer: Takes a complex food and reduces it to simpler componets
◍ Vitamin B12 cofactor.
Answer: AdensosylcobalaminMethylcobalamin
2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Triglyceride Synthesis.
Answer: Esterifying fatty acids into triglycerides, often for storage
◍ Vitamin C and scurvy.
Answer: Vitamin C is used to regenerate the Fe2+ (by reducing Fe3+)
needed to help proline/lysl hydroxylases convert proline/lysl to
hydroxyproline/hydroxylysine. These hydroxyprolines/hydroxylysines are
needed for the collagen strands to properly cross-link and wind together to
form the strong triple helix tropocollagen. If there isn't enough ascorbic
acid, there isn't enough hydroxyprolines/hydroxylysines to properly cross
link the collagens. These underhydroxylated collagens are degraded. This
results in weak connective tissue throughout the body --> Scurvy
◍ Chemical/Amino Acid Score (AAS).
Answer: (Test food limiting essential amino acid) / (needs of same amino
acid score)
◍ How much folate is in fortified cereals and grains.
Answer: 140 ug of folic acid per 100g of grain
◍ Oligosaccharides.
Answer: RaffinoseStachyose
◍ Cholesterol Ester digestion in small intestine.
Answer: Fatty acid cleaved by cholesterol esterase --> cholesterol and a free
fatty acid
◍ Scurvy symptoms.
, Answer: Bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, and corkscrew hair.
Additional symptoms include impaired wound and fracture healing, easy
bruising, and loose or decaying teeth
◍ How is vitamin C found in foods.
Answer: Ascorbic acid (80-90%) or dehydroascorbic acid (10-20%)
◍ Common selenium in food; which foods.
Answer: SelenomethionineCereal grains such as wheat, corn, rice, and soy
◍ Why is Vitamin D conditionally essential?.
Answer: Can synthesize, but often not enough to meet our needs
◍ Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
Answer: An oxygen containing free radical species
◍ Special quality of a pro/prebiotic.
Answer: Needs to be able to survive digestioneg- beta bonds or
oligosaccharides, resistant starch
◍ Salivary amylase cannot....
Answer: Cleave alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
◍ Health effects of omega 6 vs omega 3.
Answer: omega 3 are considered anti-inflamatory when they replace
omega-6
◍ The major point of debate about whether to allow golden rice to be made
available is about the safety and justification for genetically modified
foods/crops..
Answer: True
◍ Hemmorroid Avoidance.
Answer: High fiber diet, exercise, increasing fluid intake, go at first urge
◍ Pros/Cons of in vivo research.
Answer: ProsCan do tests that are considered unethical for humansKnows
exactly what subject eatsExpert reportingConsAnimal
metabolism/physiology is different
,◍ Riboflavin found as.
Answer: Food: free, protein-bound, FAD, FMN
◍ Why are linoleic and alpha linoleic acid essential?Why are other fatty acids
not?.
Answer: We don't have an enzyme capable of adding a double bond beyond
the omega-9 carbon (can't add omega 3 and omega 6 bonds)Other fatty acids
are not essential because we have enzymes that can take them, elongate
them (add 2 carbons) and then further desaturate them (add double bonds) to
other omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.
◍ Why DIAAS is better.
Answer: No truncating scoresSamples from intestine instead of fecal
matterMeasures digestion of individual amino acids, not just crude protein3
reference groups instead of one
◍ Glycogen structure.
Answer: Highly branchedalpha 1-6 branched bondsalpha 1-4 linear
◍ What are the circulating forms of vitamins D and A and how are they
transported through circulation?.
Answer: Vitamin A: Retinol binds to RBPVitamin D: 25(OH)D, binds to
DBP
◍ AI(Definition, Needs Met, Set).
Answer: Adequate IntakeLevel that appears to be adequate in a defined
population or subgroupNot research basedUsed for groups researchers are
hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.)
◍ who's at risk for Vitamin K deficiency.
Answer: RareNewbornsProlonged antibiotic useLipid absorption problems
◍ Epigenetic modification.
Answer: DNA methylationDNA methylation - addition of a methyl group to
a DNA base = decrease in gene transcription Demethylation = increase in
gene transcriptionHistone modification Acetylation: addition of acetyl group
, → causes the DNA structure to open up so that transcription can
occurDeacetylation - causes the DNA to become more tightly packed,
preventing transcription from occurring
◍ Nonprovitamin A.
Answer: Carotenoids cannot be cleaved to form retinal Lutein Zeaxanthin
Lycopene
◍ Complete proteins.
Answer: Provide adequate amounts of all nine essential amino acidsGood
sources: animal proteins
◍ Fed State Lipolysis.
Answer: LPL on vessels cleave lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL) into fatty
acids to be taken up into adipose for storage, or muscles for energy
production
◍ Conditionally essential amino acids.
Answer: Under normal circumstances the body can synthesize these, but are
essential for individuals in certain situations (ex. PKU and the need for
Tyrosine)
◍ Low Blood Calcium Response.
Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released. It increase bone resorption
which breaks down hydroxyaptitate and releases phosphorus and calcium.
PTH also affects the kidneys by increasing phosphorus excretion, and
decreasing calcium excretion. It also increases 1,25(OH)2D activation in
kidney by increasing 1-alphahydroxylase. 1,25(OH)2D binds to vitamin d
receptor and increases protein synthesis of calbindin which leads to more
calcium taken up and shuttled across the enterocytes
◍ Reductionist approach.
Answer: Takes a complex food and reduces it to simpler componets
◍ Vitamin B12 cofactor.
Answer: AdensosylcobalaminMethylcobalamin
