FNDH 400 FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ LDL v IDL.
Answer: LDL is smaller, more dense, and more cholesterol-rich than IDL
from having triglycerides cleaved during its formation
◍ PKU.
Answer: In individuals with PKU, phenylalanine can't be converted to
tyrosine because of the mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase. So tyrosine
is conditionally essential
◍ linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid.
Answer: Eicosanoid production from linoleic acid elongated fatty acids are
more inflammatory than those produced from alpha-linoleic acid elongated
fatty acids
◍ Folic Acid intake.
Answer: High folic acid intake may mask a cobalamin deficiency by
correcting the most easily recognizable symptom of it, but not the more
serious neurological issues caused by it.
◍ 2S-stereoisomers.
Answer: 2S-Steroisomers are those that have the 2 position chiral center in
the S confirmation. This chiral center (R or S) is important for binding to
alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver. 2R forms are those that bind
well to alpha-tocopherol transfer protein and thus are incorporated in to
VLDL and lead to higher circulating alpha-tocopherol levels.
2S-Stereoisomers do not bind well, and thus are not included in meeting the
Vitamin E requirements.
◍ Threonine.
Answer: Threonine is metabolized to pyruvate and succinyl-CoA (citric acid
, cycle intermediate), it is thus classified as a glucogenic amino acid.
◍ Debate around whether public health policy should be trying to reduce the
salt intake of everyone.
Answer: Because a decrease of salt in all foods would only benefit some
people, there is a debate whether we should lower all salt intake. This would
help those who are salt-sensitive.
◍ ORAC.
Answer: ORAC is an in vitro antioxidant assay, which one of its limitations
is that it doesn't take into account bioavailability of the compound/substance
◍ How increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased blood
pressure in salt-sensitive individuals.
Answer: A decrease in plasma volume and blood pressure signals the kidney
to release the enzyme renin. Renin activates the angiotensin that is
converted to angiotensin ii. Angiotensin ii signals the adrenal gland to secret
the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the
kidney, thus decreasing sodium excretions and increase the amount of
sodium in circulation. The increase of plasma sodium concentrations is
detected by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that causes the kidney to
reabsorb water which decreases water excretion. The result of this is an
increase in blood volume and pressure.
◍ Folate.
Answer: Folate is the natural, polyglutamate, less bioavailable form than
folic acid which is the synthetic, mono glutamate form that provides more
DFE value.
◍ Nicotinic Acid.
Answer: Binding of nicotinic acid to its receptor mediates niacin flush,
improvement in lipid profile, and has a lack of effect on cardiovascular
disease risk.
◍ Name the primary dietary source of iodine that has greatly decreased the
, incidence of iodine deficiency.
Answer: Iodized salt
◍ What is carnitine's function related to macronutrient metabolism?.
Answer: Carnitine helps transport long chain fatty acids into the
mitochondria.
◍ Why are not all compounds that are taken up into enterocytes eventually
absorbed.
Answer: Enterocytes are sloughed off, so whatever compounds are in them
are not necessarily absorbed.
◍ Consuming almost nothing but corn simply boiled in water may increase
your risk of developing which micronutrient deficiency? Why is this type of
diet particularly problematic for this micronutrient?.
Answer: Pellagra. Because NIACIN is tightly bound in corn, if it is not
treated with base, bioavailability is poor and can lead to niacin deficiency
(pellagra).
◍ Which micronutrient has been fortified into the food supply and why?.
Answer: Folic Acid. It is added to refined cereals and grains so that women
of reproductive age get folate levels needed to reduce their risk of neural
tube defects.
◍ Ornish diet post consumption.
Answer: lipoprotein lipase will be active to cleave fatty acids from
lipoproteins like VLDL
◍ Following consumption of a meal containing long chain fatty acids.
Answer: Chylomicrons will be released from the small intestine into the
lacteal lymph and travel through general circulation.
◍ Agouti Mice.
Answer: In agouti mice, the agouti gene is unmethylated, which leads to the
agouti gene being expressed, resulting in a yellow, obese mouse at higher
risk of chronic disease.
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ LDL v IDL.
Answer: LDL is smaller, more dense, and more cholesterol-rich than IDL
from having triglycerides cleaved during its formation
◍ PKU.
Answer: In individuals with PKU, phenylalanine can't be converted to
tyrosine because of the mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase. So tyrosine
is conditionally essential
◍ linoleic acid v. alpha-linoleic acid.
Answer: Eicosanoid production from linoleic acid elongated fatty acids are
more inflammatory than those produced from alpha-linoleic acid elongated
fatty acids
◍ Folic Acid intake.
Answer: High folic acid intake may mask a cobalamin deficiency by
correcting the most easily recognizable symptom of it, but not the more
serious neurological issues caused by it.
◍ 2S-stereoisomers.
Answer: 2S-Steroisomers are those that have the 2 position chiral center in
the S confirmation. This chiral center (R or S) is important for binding to
alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver. 2R forms are those that bind
well to alpha-tocopherol transfer protein and thus are incorporated in to
VLDL and lead to higher circulating alpha-tocopherol levels.
2S-Stereoisomers do not bind well, and thus are not included in meeting the
Vitamin E requirements.
◍ Threonine.
Answer: Threonine is metabolized to pyruvate and succinyl-CoA (citric acid
, cycle intermediate), it is thus classified as a glucogenic amino acid.
◍ Debate around whether public health policy should be trying to reduce the
salt intake of everyone.
Answer: Because a decrease of salt in all foods would only benefit some
people, there is a debate whether we should lower all salt intake. This would
help those who are salt-sensitive.
◍ ORAC.
Answer: ORAC is an in vitro antioxidant assay, which one of its limitations
is that it doesn't take into account bioavailability of the compound/substance
◍ How increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased blood
pressure in salt-sensitive individuals.
Answer: A decrease in plasma volume and blood pressure signals the kidney
to release the enzyme renin. Renin activates the angiotensin that is
converted to angiotensin ii. Angiotensin ii signals the adrenal gland to secret
the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the
kidney, thus decreasing sodium excretions and increase the amount of
sodium in circulation. The increase of plasma sodium concentrations is
detected by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that causes the kidney to
reabsorb water which decreases water excretion. The result of this is an
increase in blood volume and pressure.
◍ Folate.
Answer: Folate is the natural, polyglutamate, less bioavailable form than
folic acid which is the synthetic, mono glutamate form that provides more
DFE value.
◍ Nicotinic Acid.
Answer: Binding of nicotinic acid to its receptor mediates niacin flush,
improvement in lipid profile, and has a lack of effect on cardiovascular
disease risk.
◍ Name the primary dietary source of iodine that has greatly decreased the
, incidence of iodine deficiency.
Answer: Iodized salt
◍ What is carnitine's function related to macronutrient metabolism?.
Answer: Carnitine helps transport long chain fatty acids into the
mitochondria.
◍ Why are not all compounds that are taken up into enterocytes eventually
absorbed.
Answer: Enterocytes are sloughed off, so whatever compounds are in them
are not necessarily absorbed.
◍ Consuming almost nothing but corn simply boiled in water may increase
your risk of developing which micronutrient deficiency? Why is this type of
diet particularly problematic for this micronutrient?.
Answer: Pellagra. Because NIACIN is tightly bound in corn, if it is not
treated with base, bioavailability is poor and can lead to niacin deficiency
(pellagra).
◍ Which micronutrient has been fortified into the food supply and why?.
Answer: Folic Acid. It is added to refined cereals and grains so that women
of reproductive age get folate levels needed to reduce their risk of neural
tube defects.
◍ Ornish diet post consumption.
Answer: lipoprotein lipase will be active to cleave fatty acids from
lipoproteins like VLDL
◍ Following consumption of a meal containing long chain fatty acids.
Answer: Chylomicrons will be released from the small intestine into the
lacteal lymph and travel through general circulation.
◍ Agouti Mice.
Answer: In agouti mice, the agouti gene is unmethylated, which leads to the
agouti gene being expressed, resulting in a yellow, obese mouse at higher
risk of chronic disease.
