FNDH 400 PRACTICE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ how does salivary amylase work.
Answer: Cleaves alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds in the starch molecules,
amylose, and amylopectin
◍ Functional fiber.
Answer: Isolated, nondigestible carbs that have beneficial physiological
effects in humans
◍ How are kcals determined.
Answer: A food is put into a bomb calorimeter and the energy output is
determined by the heat produced
◍ 4 classes of eicosanoids.
Answer: ProstaglandinsProstacyclinsThromboxanesLeukotrienes
◍ How to name delta.
Answer: Carbon number: Double bonds ^double bond location from
carboxylic end10:1 triangle^7
◍ Stomach Enzymes.
Answer: PepsinGastric lipase
◍ Proteins and Fluid balance.
Answer: Proteins help maintain balance between plasma and interstitial fluid
◍ Beta carotene and lung cancer.
Answer: Thought high dose beta-carotene would decrease lung cancer risk,
but actually increased it!
◍ Linoleic acid.
Answer: omega 6essentialcan be elongated by elongase enzymes for
, eicosanoid production
◍ Advantame.
Answer: Heat stableHigh acceptable daily intakeSweetestNewest
◍ Salivary amylase cannot....
Answer: Cleave alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
◍ Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS).
Answer: 100 x (mg of digestible dietary indispensable amino acid in 1g of
the dietary protein) / (mg of the same dietary indispensable amino acid in 1g
of the reference protein)New standard
◍ How does our body deal with oligosaccharides.
Answer: Cannot digest alpha 1-6 glycosidic bondsFermented by bacteria in
colon --> Gas
◍ What are polysaccharides? Common forms?.
Answer: >10 sugarsStarch (Amylose and Amylopectin)GlycogenFibers
(Cellulose, Gums, Pectin)
◍ Small intestine enzymes.
Answer: Pancreatic alpha-amylasePancreatic lipaseColipaseproteasesBrush
border disaccharidesbrush border peptidasesphospholipase-a2cholesterol
esterase
◍ Are pro or prebiotics better for you?.
Answer: Both are. Have same ratio increase in beneficial bacteria
◍ Incomplete proteins.
Answer: Do not contain adequate amounts of one or more essential amino
acidsOften plant based proteins
◍ Fiber definition.
Answer: indigestible matter
◍ What are considered fats?.
Answer: Triglycerides, fatty acids, and phospholipids that provide 9kcal.g
, ◍ Total fiber.
Answer: dietary fiber and functional
◍ Neotame.
Answer: Structurally identical to aspartame but has additional side
groupSweeter than aspartameHeat-stableNot broken down to amino acids
--> No PKU trouble
◍ What makes up a mixed micelle.
Answer: CholesterolBile AcidsLysolecithin2-monoglyceridesFatty acids
◍ PKU and diet.
Answer: Phenalyenine would typically be broken down into tyrosine. Due to
a mutation, it cannot be. Phen and its metabolites build up leading to brain
damage and mental retardation. Must have low protein diet and avoid
aspartame because it is broken down to phen
◍ Amylose structure.
Answer: Linear polysaccharidealpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
◍ Oligosaccharides.
Answer: RaffinoseStachyose
◍ Gallbladder function.
Answer: Store and concentrate bile made by the liverBile transported to
duodenum through common bile ductTriglyceride droplets formed
◍ Maltose.
Answer: Glucose + GlucoseAlpha bondMalt sugarSeldom found in
foodsAlcoholic beverages and barley
◍ In vivo research.
Answer: Animal studyoften mice and Rats
◍ Dietary vs functional fiber.
Answer: Dietary: Intact in PlantsCarbs and ligninsOnly from plantsNo
proven benefitFunctional fiber:Isolated, extracted, synthesizedOnly
carbsFrom plants or animalsMust prove benefit
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ how does salivary amylase work.
Answer: Cleaves alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds in the starch molecules,
amylose, and amylopectin
◍ Functional fiber.
Answer: Isolated, nondigestible carbs that have beneficial physiological
effects in humans
◍ How are kcals determined.
Answer: A food is put into a bomb calorimeter and the energy output is
determined by the heat produced
◍ 4 classes of eicosanoids.
Answer: ProstaglandinsProstacyclinsThromboxanesLeukotrienes
◍ How to name delta.
Answer: Carbon number: Double bonds ^double bond location from
carboxylic end10:1 triangle^7
◍ Stomach Enzymes.
Answer: PepsinGastric lipase
◍ Proteins and Fluid balance.
Answer: Proteins help maintain balance between plasma and interstitial fluid
◍ Beta carotene and lung cancer.
Answer: Thought high dose beta-carotene would decrease lung cancer risk,
but actually increased it!
◍ Linoleic acid.
Answer: omega 6essentialcan be elongated by elongase enzymes for
, eicosanoid production
◍ Advantame.
Answer: Heat stableHigh acceptable daily intakeSweetestNewest
◍ Salivary amylase cannot....
Answer: Cleave alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
◍ Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS).
Answer: 100 x (mg of digestible dietary indispensable amino acid in 1g of
the dietary protein) / (mg of the same dietary indispensable amino acid in 1g
of the reference protein)New standard
◍ How does our body deal with oligosaccharides.
Answer: Cannot digest alpha 1-6 glycosidic bondsFermented by bacteria in
colon --> Gas
◍ What are polysaccharides? Common forms?.
Answer: >10 sugarsStarch (Amylose and Amylopectin)GlycogenFibers
(Cellulose, Gums, Pectin)
◍ Small intestine enzymes.
Answer: Pancreatic alpha-amylasePancreatic lipaseColipaseproteasesBrush
border disaccharidesbrush border peptidasesphospholipase-a2cholesterol
esterase
◍ Are pro or prebiotics better for you?.
Answer: Both are. Have same ratio increase in beneficial bacteria
◍ Incomplete proteins.
Answer: Do not contain adequate amounts of one or more essential amino
acidsOften plant based proteins
◍ Fiber definition.
Answer: indigestible matter
◍ What are considered fats?.
Answer: Triglycerides, fatty acids, and phospholipids that provide 9kcal.g
, ◍ Total fiber.
Answer: dietary fiber and functional
◍ Neotame.
Answer: Structurally identical to aspartame but has additional side
groupSweeter than aspartameHeat-stableNot broken down to amino acids
--> No PKU trouble
◍ What makes up a mixed micelle.
Answer: CholesterolBile AcidsLysolecithin2-monoglyceridesFatty acids
◍ PKU and diet.
Answer: Phenalyenine would typically be broken down into tyrosine. Due to
a mutation, it cannot be. Phen and its metabolites build up leading to brain
damage and mental retardation. Must have low protein diet and avoid
aspartame because it is broken down to phen
◍ Amylose structure.
Answer: Linear polysaccharidealpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
◍ Oligosaccharides.
Answer: RaffinoseStachyose
◍ Gallbladder function.
Answer: Store and concentrate bile made by the liverBile transported to
duodenum through common bile ductTriglyceride droplets formed
◍ Maltose.
Answer: Glucose + GlucoseAlpha bondMalt sugarSeldom found in
foodsAlcoholic beverages and barley
◍ In vivo research.
Answer: Animal studyoften mice and Rats
◍ Dietary vs functional fiber.
Answer: Dietary: Intact in PlantsCarbs and ligninsOnly from plantsNo
proven benefitFunctional fiber:Isolated, extracted, synthesizedOnly
carbsFrom plants or animalsMust prove benefit
