filtration of air, mucociliary clearance system, cough reflex, reflex
bronchoconstriction, & alveolar macrophages are all what type of mechanisms?
- ANSWER ventilation defense mechanisms
how well the lungs move
reduced in COPD, smoking, lung damage - ANSWER alveolar compliance
located in the medulla, bifurcation of carotid arteries, & aortic arch
respond to changes in pH & send messages to the lungs
respond very quickly in healthy lungs - ANSWER chemoreceptors
located in the lungs, upper airways, diaphragm, & chest wall
stimulated by irritants & stretching
keep the lungs from overinflating - ANSWER mechanical receptors
what diagnostic tests are used to test ventilation? - ANSWER Blood diagnostics
like Hgb, Hct, & ABG
Sputum & cultures
Chest XRay, CT, MRI, V/Q, angiogram, & PET scans
Bronchoscopy & mediastinoscopy
measures saturation of oxygen in blood
indications: sings/symptoms of increased work of breathing, confusion,
wheezing, rales - ANSWER pulse oximetry
measures lung volume & air flow
diffusion capacity (how effectively gas travels from lungs to blood) - ANSWER
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
,pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, & % saturation are all parameters for what test? -
ANSWER Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
the normal blood gas range for pH? - ANSWER 7.35 - 7.45
the normal blood pCO2 range? - ANSWER between 35 and 45
the normal blood HCO3 range? - ANSWER 22 - 26
the normal blood pO2 range?
the normal blood sO2 range? - ANSWER 80 - 100
>95%
the normal blood base excess is? - ANSWER +/- 2
is ineffective airway clearance a mechanical or chemical issue? - ANSWER
mechanical
secretion/obstruction; interventions must revolve around airway clearance
is ineffective breathing pattern a mechanical or chemical issue? - ANSWER
mechanical
interventions must revolve around ventilatory effort/effectiveness
is impaired gas exchange a mechanical or chemical issue? - ANSWER chemical
issue
interventions must revolve around administering O2
what do you immediately do if your pt is in respiratory distress? - ANSWER sit
them up & put O2 on them
allergic & viral rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, & influenza are examples of ___ ___
____ disorders - ANSWER upper respiratory tract disorders
who should get the flu vaccine? - ANSWER children 6 months or older
pregnant & immunosuppressed individuals or other individuals w/ chronic health
conditions are OK to get it
Who should NOT get the flu vaccine? - ANSWER - kids younger than 6 months
- those w/ severe allergies to flu vaccine/its ingredients
- people w/ history of Guillain-Barre
, - those who don't feel well (provider should decide if get it or not)
- those w/ severe egg allergy (those w/ egg allergies can receive the vaccine)
bronchitis & pertussis are examples of ___ ___ ___ disorders - ANSWER lower
respiratory tract disorders
inflammation of the bronchi in lower respiratory tract - ANSWER bronchitis
acute
chronic is seen in people w/ COPD
characteristic "whooping" cough, highly contagious, childhood vaccinations but
has been seen in recent years in adolescents & adults - ANSWER pertussis
inflammation caused by a microorganism - ANSWER pneumonia
can be community acquired, hospital acquired, or ventilator acquired
what risk factors are associated with community acquired pneumonia (CAP)? -
ANSWER comorbidities like diabetes, COPD, smoking, lifestyle,
immunocompromised pts, & malnutrition
health disparities in older pts & fixed income, may have limitations to diet
leading to malnutrition
pneumonia occurring after a foreign substance enters the lung is said to be
caused by ____ - ANSWER aspiration
pneumonia occurring 48hours or more after endotracheal intubation - ANSWER
ventilator acquired pneumonia (VAP)
edema & inflammation lead to alveolar collapse & reduced surface area for
diffusion - ANSWER atelectasis
lung x-ray will appear white
what do we do for a pt w/ atelectasis, a complication of pneumonia? - ANSWER
O2 as needed & maybe CPAP
Get them out of bed
incentive spirometry
For a patient with suspected pneumonia which is the highest priority action:
A) obtain baseline vital signs and oxygen saturation
B) obtain a sputum culture
bronchoconstriction, & alveolar macrophages are all what type of mechanisms?
- ANSWER ventilation defense mechanisms
how well the lungs move
reduced in COPD, smoking, lung damage - ANSWER alveolar compliance
located in the medulla, bifurcation of carotid arteries, & aortic arch
respond to changes in pH & send messages to the lungs
respond very quickly in healthy lungs - ANSWER chemoreceptors
located in the lungs, upper airways, diaphragm, & chest wall
stimulated by irritants & stretching
keep the lungs from overinflating - ANSWER mechanical receptors
what diagnostic tests are used to test ventilation? - ANSWER Blood diagnostics
like Hgb, Hct, & ABG
Sputum & cultures
Chest XRay, CT, MRI, V/Q, angiogram, & PET scans
Bronchoscopy & mediastinoscopy
measures saturation of oxygen in blood
indications: sings/symptoms of increased work of breathing, confusion,
wheezing, rales - ANSWER pulse oximetry
measures lung volume & air flow
diffusion capacity (how effectively gas travels from lungs to blood) - ANSWER
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
,pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3, & % saturation are all parameters for what test? -
ANSWER Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
the normal blood gas range for pH? - ANSWER 7.35 - 7.45
the normal blood pCO2 range? - ANSWER between 35 and 45
the normal blood HCO3 range? - ANSWER 22 - 26
the normal blood pO2 range?
the normal blood sO2 range? - ANSWER 80 - 100
>95%
the normal blood base excess is? - ANSWER +/- 2
is ineffective airway clearance a mechanical or chemical issue? - ANSWER
mechanical
secretion/obstruction; interventions must revolve around airway clearance
is ineffective breathing pattern a mechanical or chemical issue? - ANSWER
mechanical
interventions must revolve around ventilatory effort/effectiveness
is impaired gas exchange a mechanical or chemical issue? - ANSWER chemical
issue
interventions must revolve around administering O2
what do you immediately do if your pt is in respiratory distress? - ANSWER sit
them up & put O2 on them
allergic & viral rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, & influenza are examples of ___ ___
____ disorders - ANSWER upper respiratory tract disorders
who should get the flu vaccine? - ANSWER children 6 months or older
pregnant & immunosuppressed individuals or other individuals w/ chronic health
conditions are OK to get it
Who should NOT get the flu vaccine? - ANSWER - kids younger than 6 months
- those w/ severe allergies to flu vaccine/its ingredients
- people w/ history of Guillain-Barre
, - those who don't feel well (provider should decide if get it or not)
- those w/ severe egg allergy (those w/ egg allergies can receive the vaccine)
bronchitis & pertussis are examples of ___ ___ ___ disorders - ANSWER lower
respiratory tract disorders
inflammation of the bronchi in lower respiratory tract - ANSWER bronchitis
acute
chronic is seen in people w/ COPD
characteristic "whooping" cough, highly contagious, childhood vaccinations but
has been seen in recent years in adolescents & adults - ANSWER pertussis
inflammation caused by a microorganism - ANSWER pneumonia
can be community acquired, hospital acquired, or ventilator acquired
what risk factors are associated with community acquired pneumonia (CAP)? -
ANSWER comorbidities like diabetes, COPD, smoking, lifestyle,
immunocompromised pts, & malnutrition
health disparities in older pts & fixed income, may have limitations to diet
leading to malnutrition
pneumonia occurring after a foreign substance enters the lung is said to be
caused by ____ - ANSWER aspiration
pneumonia occurring 48hours or more after endotracheal intubation - ANSWER
ventilator acquired pneumonia (VAP)
edema & inflammation lead to alveolar collapse & reduced surface area for
diffusion - ANSWER atelectasis
lung x-ray will appear white
what do we do for a pt w/ atelectasis, a complication of pneumonia? - ANSWER
O2 as needed & maybe CPAP
Get them out of bed
incentive spirometry
For a patient with suspected pneumonia which is the highest priority action:
A) obtain baseline vital signs and oxygen saturation
B) obtain a sputum culture
