OSU Psych 3325 Exam 1 Questions With Verified Detailed Answers

Experimentation - correct answers Cornerstone of social psych Theory - correct answers Integrated set of principles that explain events and predict observed events Hypothesis - correct answers One tested prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur Operationalization: Conceptual definition vs Operational definition - correct answers Conceptual: General, abstract def. of variable (dictionary) Operational: Specific description of a variable that allows it to be measured and/or manipulated 3 types of measuring descriptive research - correct answers Observational, archival, surveys Observational studies - correct answers watching behavior in real life situations Archival studies - correct answers Existing data to test hypothesis Surveys - correct answers Random sampling (selection) - everyone in population have equal chance of being selected Correlational Research - correct answers Examine extent to which 2 variables are associated (but not causation) Experimental Research - correct answers Manipulate 1 or more variables, while controlling others, to test cause and effect Requirements for experimental research - correct answers 1. Manipulate independent variable 2. Random Assignment of participants to conditions Pro and Con of Experimental Research - correct answers Pro: Can make statements about cause/effect Con: Some important variables can't be studied (unethical or unfeasible) Internal Validity - correct answers Degree to which the IV caused the DV -third variable will lower internal validity External Validity - correct answers Degree to which the results of the study can be generalized Scientific Method Steps - correct answers 1. Hypothesis 2. Operationalization 3. Measure 4. Evaluate 5. Revise/Replicate Three components of the self - correct answers 1. Self-concept & self-knowledge (how to describe self) 2. Self-esteem 3. Self-behaviors (enhance self) Individual Self - correct answers beliefs about your unique traits, abilities, etc. Relationship self - correct answers beliefs about yourself in specific relationships Collective self - correct answers Beliefs about yourself in larger social groups Six Origins of Self-Knowledge - correct answers 1. Family & Socialization 2. Introspection 3. Perceptions of behavior 4. Influences of others 5. Autobiographical memory 6. Culture Affective forecasting - correct answers We have difficulty predicting intensity and duration of emotions Facial feedback hypothesis - correct answers Changes in facial expression can affect your emotion (Pen/mouth experiment) Downward social comparison - correct answers Compare yourself to someone who is doing worse than you Upward social comparison - correct answers Comparing yourself to someone who is better at something than you Individualism - correct answers Giving priority to ones own goal over groups goal -Western societies -'Independent' self-concept -Describing yourself in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification -Downward comparisons most common Collectivist - correct answers Giving priority to group, more important than own individual goals -Describing self by social identity -Eastern societies -'Interdependent' self-concept (knowing who you are depends on who you are to other people) -Focus on harmony w/in social groups -Upward comparisons more Colored Pen Study - correct answers Ken & Markus Given choice of a free pen: Box with all green pens, one orange pen. Americans more likely to choose unique color (74%). East Asians more likely to choose common color (76%). Self-schema - correct answers Beliefs about the self that guide processing of self-relevant info Self-concept vs Self-complexity - correct answers Self Concept: Multi-faceted, each person can have many selves Self-complexity: You are more complex if you have a lot of different ways to describe Cognition - correct answers How we perceive, remember, and interpret information Social cognition - correct answers How we interpret information about ourselves and others -Often biased by expectations, needs, and wishes of a person Dartmouth vs Princeton Study 1950's - correct answers -Show video to school students -Asked students to indicate penalties -Fans saw the opponent commit more penalties Bottom-Up Processing - correct answers Stimulus Info - Cognition No schema, no info - just seeing stimulus w/ no understanding -Data driven processing -Guided by present stimulus -Hard to remember details b/c details have no meaning (Not knowing red dot in green circle is apple) Top-Down Processing - correct answers Concept driven processing, guided by prior knowledge (Knowing red dot on green tree is an apple) Schemas - correct answers Mental framework that organizes info Self-fulfilling prophecy - correct answers Our expectations about someones behavior led to them confirming that expectation Bloomers Study - correct answers Self-fulfilling prophecy Gave elementary school students IQ test -Randomly chose students to label as bloomers & average -Gave another test 8 months later -Bloomers had increased IQ Confirmation Bias - correct answers Tendency to interpret, seek, & create info in ways that verify existing beliefs -See what you wanna see Snyder and Swann Study - correct answers IV: Told their partner was introverted or extroverted DV: Which interview questions they chose to ask Those who were told their partner was introverted were more likely to choose introverted-sided questions and thus thought their partner was more introverted Priming - correct answers Tendency for recent experiences to increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept Donald Study - correct answers Higgins, Rholes, & Jones