Praxis PLT K-6 Study Guide Questions and
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Terms in this set (178)
View learning as a process of accessing and changing
Behaviorism
associations between stimuli and responses.
What do behaviorists Behaviorists believe that our responses to
believe? environmental stimuli shape our actions.
B.F. Skinner
Who are key behaviorism
Edward Thorndike
theorists?
Ivan Pavlov
For example, in a second grade classroom, the
teacher noticed the children were taking too long to
put their things away and get ready for new activities.
The teacher decided to use behaviorism to try to
change this behavior. To change the behavior, the
teacher would make note of the first table to get their
How is behaviorism shown things away and be ready to change activities and
in the classroom? would give this table a star on a chart. Once one table
had a certain number of stars, the children received a
reward (positive reinforcement). The students'
behavior changed quickly; soon enough all the
children would put away their materials and be
waiting quietly to start something new within a minute
of being told.
, -First described by Ivan Pavlov (Russian)
-Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex
Classical Conditioning -Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors
Ex. A dog that salivates when it sees food.
-First described by B. F. Skinner (American)
-Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after
a behavior
-Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary
Operational Conditioning behaviors
Ex. A trainer is trying to teach a dog to fetch a ball.
When the dog successful chases and picks up the
ball, the dog receives praise as a reward.
Created laws of learning which provides additional
Edward Thorndike
insight into what makes people learn most effectively.
Law of Readiness (Edward People learn best when they are ready to learn.
Thorndike)
Law of Exercise (Edward People can enhance their memory through repetition,
Thorndike) based on drill and practice.
Learning is strengthened when it is accompanied with
Law of Effect (Edward a pleasant or nonthreatening situation or environment
Thorndike) but is decreased when associated with an unpleasant
situation or environment.
Law of Primacy (Edward First impressions are often strong, almost unshakable.
Thorndike) Things learned first stay with us longer.
The more intense the material taught, the more likely
Law of Intensity (Edward it will be retained. A sharp, clear, vivid, dramatic, or
Thorndike) exciting learning experience teaches more than a
routine or boring experience.
Law of Recency (Edward This law basically means, all things being equal, things
Thorndike) most recently learned are best remembered.
, States that things freely learned are best learned.
Law of Freedom (Edward Conversely, the further a student is coerced, the more
Thorndike) difficult is for him to learn, assimilate and implement
what is learned.
Views learning as a process in which the learner
Constructivism constructs knowledge based on their past
experiences.
Jean Piaget
Who are key Jerome Bruner
constructivism theorists? John Dewey
Lev Vygotsky
Learner-centered. Teacher as facilitator - students
construct knowledge through critical thinking,
manipulatives, primary resources, and hands-on
activities.
Student works collaboratively in groups,
How is constructivism
independently or in partners.
shown in the classroom?
Shared responsibility and decision making.
Students ask questions. Empowered learner.
ETC.
-First theorist to discover cognitive development.
-Developed the four stages of cognitive development
Jean Piaget - His theory focuses not only on understanding how
children acquire knowledge, but also on
understanding the nature of intelligence.
Answers 100% Solved
Save
Terms in this set (178)
View learning as a process of accessing and changing
Behaviorism
associations between stimuli and responses.
What do behaviorists Behaviorists believe that our responses to
believe? environmental stimuli shape our actions.
B.F. Skinner
Who are key behaviorism
Edward Thorndike
theorists?
Ivan Pavlov
For example, in a second grade classroom, the
teacher noticed the children were taking too long to
put their things away and get ready for new activities.
The teacher decided to use behaviorism to try to
change this behavior. To change the behavior, the
teacher would make note of the first table to get their
How is behaviorism shown things away and be ready to change activities and
in the classroom? would give this table a star on a chart. Once one table
had a certain number of stars, the children received a
reward (positive reinforcement). The students'
behavior changed quickly; soon enough all the
children would put away their materials and be
waiting quietly to start something new within a minute
of being told.
, -First described by Ivan Pavlov (Russian)
-Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex
Classical Conditioning -Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors
Ex. A dog that salivates when it sees food.
-First described by B. F. Skinner (American)
-Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after
a behavior
-Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary
Operational Conditioning behaviors
Ex. A trainer is trying to teach a dog to fetch a ball.
When the dog successful chases and picks up the
ball, the dog receives praise as a reward.
Created laws of learning which provides additional
Edward Thorndike
insight into what makes people learn most effectively.
Law of Readiness (Edward People learn best when they are ready to learn.
Thorndike)
Law of Exercise (Edward People can enhance their memory through repetition,
Thorndike) based on drill and practice.
Learning is strengthened when it is accompanied with
Law of Effect (Edward a pleasant or nonthreatening situation or environment
Thorndike) but is decreased when associated with an unpleasant
situation or environment.
Law of Primacy (Edward First impressions are often strong, almost unshakable.
Thorndike) Things learned first stay with us longer.
The more intense the material taught, the more likely
Law of Intensity (Edward it will be retained. A sharp, clear, vivid, dramatic, or
Thorndike) exciting learning experience teaches more than a
routine or boring experience.
Law of Recency (Edward This law basically means, all things being equal, things
Thorndike) most recently learned are best remembered.
, States that things freely learned are best learned.
Law of Freedom (Edward Conversely, the further a student is coerced, the more
Thorndike) difficult is for him to learn, assimilate and implement
what is learned.
Views learning as a process in which the learner
Constructivism constructs knowledge based on their past
experiences.
Jean Piaget
Who are key Jerome Bruner
constructivism theorists? John Dewey
Lev Vygotsky
Learner-centered. Teacher as facilitator - students
construct knowledge through critical thinking,
manipulatives, primary resources, and hands-on
activities.
Student works collaboratively in groups,
How is constructivism
independently or in partners.
shown in the classroom?
Shared responsibility and decision making.
Students ask questions. Empowered learner.
ETC.
-First theorist to discover cognitive development.
-Developed the four stages of cognitive development
Jean Piaget - His theory focuses not only on understanding how
children acquire knowledge, but also on
understanding the nature of intelligence.
