CMST 1061 Final Exam ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Public Discourse designed to persuade or influence public audiences, usually centers on rhetorical
exigence
Rhetorical Exigence a problem that is capable of being solved by engaging in public communication
Rhetor sender of the message, wants the audience to take action in order to help solve
the exigence; rhetorical goal
Discourse may be fashioned to: - initiate or maintain action
- formulate a belief
- aid in understanding
- alter perceptions
Target audience best possible audience to hear the message because they are most capable of
helping the rhetor accomplish the goal
Empirical (or Situated) audience individuals who are actually present to hear or view the message
Evoked audience the textual construction of the audience created by the rhetor for the purpose of
persuasion
Criticized audience those who are in competition with the rhetor's interest
Polarization breaks individuals into 2 groups: "Us" and "Them", the strategy used to create the
criticized audience
Constraints obstacles that stand between the rhetor and the attainment of the goal
, Internal Constraints beliefs, values and attitudes of the audience that must be changed in order for
persuasion to occur
External Constraints other things that physically obstruct you from taking action, even if persuasion has
already occurred (people, objects, events and processes)
The Sophists a group of men considered to be the first teachers of public speaking
- believed in deceptive reasoning
- Relativism
- taught to be paid
Socrates Objected to the sophists
- did not believe in teaching for pay
Plato - student of Socrates
- first person to make ethics a relevant consideration
- Ideal Truth and Ideal Society
Aristotle - Student of Plato, but did not agree with his beliefs
- believed absolute truth was unattainable
- Principle of the Golden Mean
- truth is probable, not absolute
- logos, pathos, ethos
- believed there were 2 truths: truths of natural science and social truths
Ethics principles for acceptable and unacceptable behavior
- guided by our societal value system
Ethos persuasive potential of the speaker's character
- must exhibit intelligence, virtue, and goodwill
- ethics
Initial Ethos ethos the rhetor has prior to the beginning of the speech or act
Derived Ethos ethos the rhetor garners during the speech or act
Terminal Ethos ethos that occurs at the completion of the speech or act
Pathos emotional appeal
Logos logical appeal, reason
1. Generalization What are the 6 types of Reasoning?
2. Principle
3. Analogy
4. Parallel Case
5. Sign
6. Causation
Public Discourse designed to persuade or influence public audiences, usually centers on rhetorical
exigence
Rhetorical Exigence a problem that is capable of being solved by engaging in public communication
Rhetor sender of the message, wants the audience to take action in order to help solve
the exigence; rhetorical goal
Discourse may be fashioned to: - initiate or maintain action
- formulate a belief
- aid in understanding
- alter perceptions
Target audience best possible audience to hear the message because they are most capable of
helping the rhetor accomplish the goal
Empirical (or Situated) audience individuals who are actually present to hear or view the message
Evoked audience the textual construction of the audience created by the rhetor for the purpose of
persuasion
Criticized audience those who are in competition with the rhetor's interest
Polarization breaks individuals into 2 groups: "Us" and "Them", the strategy used to create the
criticized audience
Constraints obstacles that stand between the rhetor and the attainment of the goal
, Internal Constraints beliefs, values and attitudes of the audience that must be changed in order for
persuasion to occur
External Constraints other things that physically obstruct you from taking action, even if persuasion has
already occurred (people, objects, events and processes)
The Sophists a group of men considered to be the first teachers of public speaking
- believed in deceptive reasoning
- Relativism
- taught to be paid
Socrates Objected to the sophists
- did not believe in teaching for pay
Plato - student of Socrates
- first person to make ethics a relevant consideration
- Ideal Truth and Ideal Society
Aristotle - Student of Plato, but did not agree with his beliefs
- believed absolute truth was unattainable
- Principle of the Golden Mean
- truth is probable, not absolute
- logos, pathos, ethos
- believed there were 2 truths: truths of natural science and social truths
Ethics principles for acceptable and unacceptable behavior
- guided by our societal value system
Ethos persuasive potential of the speaker's character
- must exhibit intelligence, virtue, and goodwill
- ethics
Initial Ethos ethos the rhetor has prior to the beginning of the speech or act
Derived Ethos ethos the rhetor garners during the speech or act
Terminal Ethos ethos that occurs at the completion of the speech or act
Pathos emotional appeal
Logos logical appeal, reason
1. Generalization What are the 6 types of Reasoning?
2. Principle
3. Analogy
4. Parallel Case
5. Sign
6. Causation
