NURS 251 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔sustained or continuous fever - ✔✔temp remains above normal with minimal
variations
✔✔relapsing or recurrent fever - ✔✔temp returns to normal for one or more days with
one or more episodes of fever, each as long as several days
✔✔rectal temp - ✔✔37.5 C, 99.5 F
✔✔axillary temp - ✔✔36.5 C, 97.7 F
✔✔tympanic temp - ✔✔37.5 C, 99.5 F
✔✔forehead temp - ✔✔34.4 C, 94.0 F
✔✔heat production - ✔✔-primary source is metabolism
-hormones, muscle movements, exercise increase metabolism
-thyroid hormone and shivering also increase heat production
- energy production decreases and heat production increases
✔✔sources of heat loss - ✔✔skin (primary source), evaporation of sweat, warming and
humidifying inspired air, eliminating urine and feces
✔✔radiation - ✔✔diffusion of heat by electromagnetic waves (such as an uncovered
head)
✔✔factors affecting body temp - ✔✔-circadian rhythms
-age and gender
-physical activity
-state of health
-environmental temperature
✔✔pulse is regulated by what? - ✔✔autonomic nervous system through cardiac
sinoatrial node
✔✔parasympathetic stimulation on pulse - ✔✔decreases heart rate
✔✔sympathetic stimulation on pulse - ✔✔increases heart rate
✔✔pulse rate - ✔✔the number of contractions over a peripheral artery in 1 minute
, ✔✔places you can record a pulse - ✔✔temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral,
popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
✔✔pulmonary ventilation - ✔✔movement of air in and out of lungs
✔✔diffusion - ✔✔exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli of lungs
and circulating blood
✔✔perfusion - ✔✔exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood
and tissue cells
✔✔eupnea - ✔✔normal, unlabored breathing, one respiration to four heartbeats
✔✔tachypnea - ✔✔increased respiratory rate; may occur in response to increased
metabolic rate
✔✔bradypnea - ✔✔decreased respiratory rate; occurs in some pathologic conditions
✔✔apnea - ✔✔periods when no breathing occurs
✔✔dyspnea - ✔✔difficult or labored breathing
✔✔orthopnea - ✔✔changes in breathing when sitting or standing
✔✔assessing blood pressure - ✔✔-listening for korotkoff sounds w/ stethoscope
-first sound is systolic
-change or cessation of sound occurs: diastolic pressure
- brachial artery and popliteal artery are commonly used
✔✔major classifications of hypertension - ✔✔-primary (essential): characterized by an
increase above normal in both systolic and diastolic pressures
-secondary : caused by another disease condition like kidney disease, aorta disorders,
or adrenal cortex disorders
✔✔diuretics - ✔✔used to increase urinary output
✔✔beta-adrenergic blockers - ✔✔to block sympathetic stimulation and decrease
cardiac output
✔✔vasodilators and calcium channel blockers - ✔✔to relax smooth muscles of
arterioles and decrease peripheral vascular resistance
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔to prevent vasoconstriction by angiotensin II and decrease
circulatory fluid volume by reducing aldosterone production
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔sustained or continuous fever - ✔✔temp remains above normal with minimal
variations
✔✔relapsing or recurrent fever - ✔✔temp returns to normal for one or more days with
one or more episodes of fever, each as long as several days
✔✔rectal temp - ✔✔37.5 C, 99.5 F
✔✔axillary temp - ✔✔36.5 C, 97.7 F
✔✔tympanic temp - ✔✔37.5 C, 99.5 F
✔✔forehead temp - ✔✔34.4 C, 94.0 F
✔✔heat production - ✔✔-primary source is metabolism
-hormones, muscle movements, exercise increase metabolism
-thyroid hormone and shivering also increase heat production
- energy production decreases and heat production increases
✔✔sources of heat loss - ✔✔skin (primary source), evaporation of sweat, warming and
humidifying inspired air, eliminating urine and feces
✔✔radiation - ✔✔diffusion of heat by electromagnetic waves (such as an uncovered
head)
✔✔factors affecting body temp - ✔✔-circadian rhythms
-age and gender
-physical activity
-state of health
-environmental temperature
✔✔pulse is regulated by what? - ✔✔autonomic nervous system through cardiac
sinoatrial node
✔✔parasympathetic stimulation on pulse - ✔✔decreases heart rate
✔✔sympathetic stimulation on pulse - ✔✔increases heart rate
✔✔pulse rate - ✔✔the number of contractions over a peripheral artery in 1 minute
, ✔✔places you can record a pulse - ✔✔temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral,
popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
✔✔pulmonary ventilation - ✔✔movement of air in and out of lungs
✔✔diffusion - ✔✔exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli of lungs
and circulating blood
✔✔perfusion - ✔✔exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood
and tissue cells
✔✔eupnea - ✔✔normal, unlabored breathing, one respiration to four heartbeats
✔✔tachypnea - ✔✔increased respiratory rate; may occur in response to increased
metabolic rate
✔✔bradypnea - ✔✔decreased respiratory rate; occurs in some pathologic conditions
✔✔apnea - ✔✔periods when no breathing occurs
✔✔dyspnea - ✔✔difficult or labored breathing
✔✔orthopnea - ✔✔changes in breathing when sitting or standing
✔✔assessing blood pressure - ✔✔-listening for korotkoff sounds w/ stethoscope
-first sound is systolic
-change or cessation of sound occurs: diastolic pressure
- brachial artery and popliteal artery are commonly used
✔✔major classifications of hypertension - ✔✔-primary (essential): characterized by an
increase above normal in both systolic and diastolic pressures
-secondary : caused by another disease condition like kidney disease, aorta disorders,
or adrenal cortex disorders
✔✔diuretics - ✔✔used to increase urinary output
✔✔beta-adrenergic blockers - ✔✔to block sympathetic stimulation and decrease
cardiac output
✔✔vasodilators and calcium channel blockers - ✔✔to relax smooth muscles of
arterioles and decrease peripheral vascular resistance
✔✔ACE inhibitors - ✔✔to prevent vasoconstriction by angiotensin II and decrease
circulatory fluid volume by reducing aldosterone production
