ISSA-CPT: INTERNATIONAL SPORTS SCIENCES ASSOCIATION CERTIFIED PERSONAL
TRAINER | REAL EXAM 2026/2027| QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | NEWEST
VERSION PASS GUARANTEE) GRADED A+
1. What does ATP stand for? ANSWER Adenosine Triphosphate — the primary
energy currency of the cell.
2. What are the three energy systems used to produce ATP? ANSWER The
phosphagen (ATP-PCr) system, the glycolytic (anaerobic) system, and the
oxidative (aerobic) system.
3. Which energy system is dominant during a 10-second sprint? ANSWER The
phosphagen (ATP-PCr) system.
4. Which energy system is dominant during a 2-minute high-intensity effort?
ANSWER The glycolytic (anaerobic) system.
5. Which energy system is dominant during a 30-minute jog? ANSWER The
oxidative (aerobic) system.
6. What does BMR stand for? ANSWER Basal Metabolic Rate — the number
of calories the body burns at complete rest.
7. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
ANSWER Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen and produces ATP efficiently;
anaerobic metabolism does not require oxygen but produces ATP less
efficiently and generates lactate.
8. What is the primary function of the mitochondria? ANSWER To produce
ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration).
9. What is the sliding filament theory? ANSWER The theory that muscle
contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other,
shortening the sarcomere.
10. What is a sarcomere? ANSWER The basic functional unit of a muscle fiber,
composed of actin and myosin filaments.
,11. What are the three types of muscle tissue? ANSWER Skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth muscle.
12. What is the difference between Type I and Type II muscle fibers?
ANSWER Type I (slow-twitch) fibers are endurance-oriented, oxidative, and
fatigue-resistant. Type II (fast-twitch) fibers are power-oriented, glycolytic, and
fatigue quickly.
13. What are the two subtypes of Type II fibers? ANSWER Type IIa (fast
oxidative-glycolytic) and Type IIx (fast glycolytic).
14. What is the all-or-none principle? ANSWER When a motor neuron fires,
all muscle fibers in that motor unit contract maximally or not at all.
15. What is a motor unit? ANSWER A single motor neuron and all the muscle
fibers it innervates.
16. What are the three planes of movement? ANSWER Sagittal
(forward/backward), frontal (side-to-side), and transverse (rotational).
17. What are the three axes of rotation? ANSWER Mediolateral (sagittal
plane), anteroposterior (frontal plane), and longitudinal (transverse plane).
18. What is the difference between flexion and extension? ANSWER Flexion
decreases the angle between two bones; extension increases the angle.
19. What is the difference between abduction and adduction? ANSWER
Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the
midline.
20. What is circumduction? ANSWER A circular movement combining flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction.
21. What is the difference between pronation and supination? ANSWER
Pronation rotates the palm downward; supination rotates the palm upward.
22. What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?
ANSWER Dorsiflexion pulls the foot upward toward the shin; plantarflexion
points the foot downward.
23. What is the difference between inversion and eversion? ANSWER
Inversion turns the sole of the foot inward; eversion turns it outward.
, 24. What is the function of the skeletal system? ANSWER Support,
protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy
storage.
25. How many bones are in the adult human body? ANSWER 206.
26. What are the four types of bones? ANSWER Long, short, flat, and
irregular.
27. What is the difference between compact and spongy bone? ANSWER
Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and
found at the ends of long bones.
28. What is the periosteum? ANSWER The fibrous membrane covering the
outer surface of bones, containing blood vessels and nerves.
29. What is a ligament? ANSWER A fibrous connective tissue that connects
bone to bone.
30. What is a tendon? ANSWER A fibrous connective tissue that connects
muscle to bone.
31. What is cartilage? ANSWER A flexible connective tissue that cushions
joints and reduces friction.
32. What are the three types of joints? ANSWER Fibrous (immovable),
cartilaginous (slightly movable), and synovial (freely movable).
33. What are the six types of synovial joints? ANSWER Ball-and-socket, hinge,
pivot, condyloid, saddle, and gliding.
34. What is the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle action?
ANSWER Concentric action shortens the muscle while generating force;
eccentric action lengthens the muscle while generating force.
35. What is an isometric muscle action? ANSWER Muscle tension is generated
without a change in muscle length (static contraction).
36. What is the difference between origin and insertion? ANSWER Origin is
the fixed attachment point; insertion is the movable attachment point.
37. What is the agonist muscle? ANSWER The primary muscle responsible for
producing a specific movement.
TRAINER | REAL EXAM 2026/2027| QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | NEWEST
VERSION PASS GUARANTEE) GRADED A+
1. What does ATP stand for? ANSWER Adenosine Triphosphate — the primary
energy currency of the cell.
2. What are the three energy systems used to produce ATP? ANSWER The
phosphagen (ATP-PCr) system, the glycolytic (anaerobic) system, and the
oxidative (aerobic) system.
3. Which energy system is dominant during a 10-second sprint? ANSWER The
phosphagen (ATP-PCr) system.
4. Which energy system is dominant during a 2-minute high-intensity effort?
ANSWER The glycolytic (anaerobic) system.
5. Which energy system is dominant during a 30-minute jog? ANSWER The
oxidative (aerobic) system.
6. What does BMR stand for? ANSWER Basal Metabolic Rate — the number
of calories the body burns at complete rest.
7. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
ANSWER Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen and produces ATP efficiently;
anaerobic metabolism does not require oxygen but produces ATP less
efficiently and generates lactate.
8. What is the primary function of the mitochondria? ANSWER To produce
ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration).
9. What is the sliding filament theory? ANSWER The theory that muscle
contraction occurs when actin and myosin filaments slide past each other,
shortening the sarcomere.
10. What is a sarcomere? ANSWER The basic functional unit of a muscle fiber,
composed of actin and myosin filaments.
,11. What are the three types of muscle tissue? ANSWER Skeletal, cardiac, and
smooth muscle.
12. What is the difference between Type I and Type II muscle fibers?
ANSWER Type I (slow-twitch) fibers are endurance-oriented, oxidative, and
fatigue-resistant. Type II (fast-twitch) fibers are power-oriented, glycolytic, and
fatigue quickly.
13. What are the two subtypes of Type II fibers? ANSWER Type IIa (fast
oxidative-glycolytic) and Type IIx (fast glycolytic).
14. What is the all-or-none principle? ANSWER When a motor neuron fires,
all muscle fibers in that motor unit contract maximally or not at all.
15. What is a motor unit? ANSWER A single motor neuron and all the muscle
fibers it innervates.
16. What are the three planes of movement? ANSWER Sagittal
(forward/backward), frontal (side-to-side), and transverse (rotational).
17. What are the three axes of rotation? ANSWER Mediolateral (sagittal
plane), anteroposterior (frontal plane), and longitudinal (transverse plane).
18. What is the difference between flexion and extension? ANSWER Flexion
decreases the angle between two bones; extension increases the angle.
19. What is the difference between abduction and adduction? ANSWER
Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the
midline.
20. What is circumduction? ANSWER A circular movement combining flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction.
21. What is the difference between pronation and supination? ANSWER
Pronation rotates the palm downward; supination rotates the palm upward.
22. What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?
ANSWER Dorsiflexion pulls the foot upward toward the shin; plantarflexion
points the foot downward.
23. What is the difference between inversion and eversion? ANSWER
Inversion turns the sole of the foot inward; eversion turns it outward.
, 24. What is the function of the skeletal system? ANSWER Support,
protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy
storage.
25. How many bones are in the adult human body? ANSWER 206.
26. What are the four types of bones? ANSWER Long, short, flat, and
irregular.
27. What is the difference between compact and spongy bone? ANSWER
Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer; spongy bone is porous and
found at the ends of long bones.
28. What is the periosteum? ANSWER The fibrous membrane covering the
outer surface of bones, containing blood vessels and nerves.
29. What is a ligament? ANSWER A fibrous connective tissue that connects
bone to bone.
30. What is a tendon? ANSWER A fibrous connective tissue that connects
muscle to bone.
31. What is cartilage? ANSWER A flexible connective tissue that cushions
joints and reduces friction.
32. What are the three types of joints? ANSWER Fibrous (immovable),
cartilaginous (slightly movable), and synovial (freely movable).
33. What are the six types of synovial joints? ANSWER Ball-and-socket, hinge,
pivot, condyloid, saddle, and gliding.
34. What is the difference between concentric and eccentric muscle action?
ANSWER Concentric action shortens the muscle while generating force;
eccentric action lengthens the muscle while generating force.
35. What is an isometric muscle action? ANSWER Muscle tension is generated
without a change in muscle length (static contraction).
36. What is the difference between origin and insertion? ANSWER Origin is
the fixed attachment point; insertion is the movable attachment point.
37. What is the agonist muscle? ANSWER The primary muscle responsible for
producing a specific movement.
